6.3 Digital ne daban-daban

Social bincike a cikin digital shekaru yana halaye daban-daban, don haka kiwata daban-daban da'a tambayoyi.

Mai zamantakewa bincike a cikin analog shekaru bugi wani m da'a balance. Alal misali, a cikin wani review na Lab gwaje-gwajen da cewa tare da hannu fiye da mutane 100,000, Plott (2013) sami daya kawai m taron, dalibi wanda ya zama kau saboda rasa kudi a cikin wani m game. Kamar yadda na baya uku digital shekaru misalai nuna, duk da haka, masu bincike a yanzu fuskanci da'a kalubale da cewa su ne daban-daban daga wadanda a baya. Generalizing daga wadannan uku karatu, ina ganin cewa, babban matsalar da da-ma'ana masu bincike fuskanci shi ne cewa damar ake canza sauri fiye da dokoki, da dokoki, da kuma norms. More musamman, masu bincike-sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni da gwamnatoci-da karin iko a kan mahalarta fiye da a baya. By iko, Ina nufin kawai da ikon yin abubuwa da mutane ba tare da izini ko ma wayar da kan jama'a. The abubuwa Ina magana ne game da zai iya zama ko dai lura da hali ko shiga jami'a da su a cikin gwaje-gwajen. Kamar yadda masu bincike ikon kiyaye da perturb na karuwa ne, babu wani m karuwa a tsabta game da yadda da cewa ikon da ya kamata a yi amfani da. A gaskiya ma, masu bincike dole ne shirya yadda za a motsa jiki da iko bisa saba da overlapping dokoki, da dokoki, da kuma norms. To a fili, wannan ba ya nufin cewa, mafi yawan digital shekaru bincike ne unethical. A gaskiya ma, ba da wannan halin da ake ciki, ina ganin cewa masu bincike sun nuna remarkably mai kyau shari'a. A hade da m damar da m jagororin, duk da haka, yana sanya da-ma'ana masu bincike a cikin wani mawuyacin hali.

Ko da yake gareka don kada ji musamman m cikin sharuddan your ikon yi abubuwa da mutane, ƙara masu bincike-sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni da gwamnatoci-suna da ikon tsayar da perturb mutane ba tare da izini ko wayar da kan jama'a. Alal misali, tunanin bin wani mutum a kusa da kuma rikodin duk abin da suke aikatãwa. Wannan zai hada da tracking abubuwa kamar inda suka je, abin da suka saya, wanda suka yi magana da, da kuma abin da suka karanta. Saka idanu mutane, kamar wannan, a cikin analog shekaru kasance da kaya na gwamnatoci da babban kasafin kudi. Yanzu, duk da wannan bayani da aka routinely kuma ta atomatik rubuta game da miliyoyin kuma nan da nan ya zama biliyoyin mutane. Bugu da ari, domin duk da wannan bayani da aka adana na'urorin na zamani, shi ne mai sauki ka kwafe, search, aika, ci, da kuma store. A wasu kalmomin, da abin da aka routinely yi a yau zai buga da gigice Cold War hukumomin leken asirin kamar KGB, CIA, da kuma Stasi. Bugu da ari, da yawa daga wannan halin tracking yana faruwa ba tare da cikakken fahimtar waɗanda ake surveilled.

A m misãli wanda partially kama wannan halin da ake ciki na taro kula ne panopticon. Na farko samarwa a cikin marigayi 18th karni da Jeremy Bentham matsayin gine for kurkuku, da panopticon ne jiki bayyanuwar lura (Figure 6.3). The panopticon ne mai madauwari gini da dakuna daidaitacce a kusa da wani tsakiya hasumiya. Duk wanda ya occupies wannan hasumiya iya tsayar da hali na dukan mutane a cikin dakuna. Kuma, kafofin yada, da mutãne, a cikin dakunan ba zai iya tsayar da mutum a cikin hasumiya. Mutumin a cikin hasumiya ne kamar haka wani fake maigani (Foucault 1995) .

Figure 6.3: Design daga panopticon kurkuku, na farko samarwa da Jeremy Bentham. A cikin cibiyar, akwai wani fake gani wanda zai iya tsayar da hali na kowa da kowa kuma ba za a iya kiyaye. Zane da Willey Reveley, 1791. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

A gaskiya ma, digital kula ne ma fi matsananci fiye da mutum a cikin wani hasumiya, domin zai iya samar da wani cikakken digital rikodin na hali da za a iya adana har abada (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Duk da yake akwai ba tukuna cikakken rikodi na dukan 'yan adam hali garwaya a cikin wani master database, abubuwa suna motsi a cikin wancan shugabanci. Kuma, cewa motsi zai fi yiwuwa ci gaba muddin damar na'urori masu auna sigina ta ci gaba da kara, da kudin ajiya ya ci gaba da rage, kuma mafi rayuwar mu zama kwamfuta sulhu tsakani.

Don mutane da yawa zamantakewa masu bincike wannan master database zai farko sauti m, kuma shi zai iya lalle a iya amfani da mai yawa da muhimmanci gudanar da bincike. Legal malamai, duk da haka, ba wani sunan daban ga wannan master database: da database halakã (Ohm 2010) . The halittar har an bai cika master database iya samun chilling sakamako a kan zamantakewa da siyasa rai idan mutane sama yarda ya karanta wani kayan aiki ko tattauna wasu batutuwa (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . Akwai kuma wani hadarin cewa master database, yayin halitta daya nufi-ce niyya talla-domin wata rana za a yi amfani da daban-daban dalili, a halin da ake ciki da ake kira na biyu-amfani. A mugayen misalin unanticipated sakandare-yin amfani da ya faru a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a lokacin da gwamnati ƙidaya data-master database wannan lokaci-aka yi amfani da sauƙaƙe aiwatar da kisan gillar da aka faruwa da Yahudawa, Roma, kuma wasu (Table 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . The statisticians wanda ya tattara bayanai da a lokacin m sau kusan lalle yana da kyau nufi. Amma, a lokacin da duniya canza-lõkacin da Nazis zo iko a Jamus da kuma kasashe makwabta-wannan data sa a sakandare-yin amfani da aka taba yi nufin. Da zarar wani master database wanzu, yana da wuya a riga suka iya samun damar yin amfani da shi da kuma yadda za a yi amfani.

Talakawa zamantakewa masu bincike ne sosai, da nisa daga wani abu kamar samar da chilling effects on jama'a ko halartar mutum dama muzguna ta sakandare-amfani. Na zaba domin tattauna wadannan batutuwa, duk da haka, domin ina zaton za su taimake zamantakewa bincike fahimci ruwan tabarau ta hanyar abin da wasu mutane za su gani su aiki. Bari mu koma cikin dandano, huldar, kuma Time shiri, misali. By tattara abubuwa masu kyau tare da cikakken da granular bayanai daga Facebook da cikakken granular bayanai daga Harvard, da masu bincike halitta wani mamaki arziki view na zamantakewa da al'adu rãyuwar dalibai (Lewis et al. 2008) . Don mutane da yawa zamantakewa masu bincike wannan alama kamar master database, wanda za a iya amfani da mai kyau. Amma, wasu mutane, shi ya dubi kamar farkon database halakã cewa an halicci ba tare da yardarka daga cikin mahalarta. The Ku ɗanɗani, huldar, kuma Time aikin ya fara a shekara ta 2006, da kuma bayanan da masu bincike da aka ba musamman masu zaman kansu. Amma, idan ka duba a gaba a bit za ka iya tunanin cewa wadannan batutuwa ne m don samun karin hadaddun. Wane irin digital mosaic zai bincike su iya yi game da dalibai a 2026 ko 2046?

Bugu da ƙari, wannan taro lura, masu bincike-sake ha] in gwiwar tare da kamfanoni da gwamnatoci-iya ƙara tsare baki a cikin rayuwar mutane domin ya haifar da yi da ka sarrafawa gwaje-gwajen. Alal misali, a Wani tunanin Contagion, da masu bincike shiga 700.000 mutane a cikin wani gwaji ba tare da yardarka ko wayar da kan jama'a. Kuma, kamar yadda na bayyana a Babi na 5 (Gudun gwajen), irin wannan m conscription mahalarta cikin gwaje-gwajen ba nadiri. Bugu da ari, shi ba ya bukatar da hadin gwiwa da manyan kamfanonin. Kamar yadda na bayyana a Babi na 5, masu bincike za a iya ƙara zana da kuma gina digital gwaje-gwajen da sifilin m halin kaka, a farashi tsarin da sa musamman manyan gwaje-gwajen. Like da ikon kiyaye, da ikon tsare perturb zai iya ci gaba da girma.

A fuskar wannan ya karu da iko, masu bincike fuskantar saba da overlapping dokoki, da dokoki, da kuma norms. Daya source wannan inconsistency shi ne cewa damar da digital shekaru ana canja da sauri sauri fiye dokoki, da dokoki, da kuma norms. Alal misali, Common Rule (da kafa dokokin hukumar mafi gwamnatin ɗ en gudanar da bincike a Amurka) ya canza kadan tun 1981. An kokarin zamanintar da Common Rule fara a shekarar 2011, amma ba da cikakken matsayin na bazara na 2016. A karo na biyu tushen inconsistency shi ne cewa norms a kusa da m Concepts kamar bayanin tsare har yanzu ana rayayye muhawara da bincike, masu tsara manufofi, da kuma himmar aiki. Idan kwararru a cikin wadannan yankunan ba zai iya isa uniform yarjejeniya, ya kamata mu ba sa ran cewa empirical masu bincike ko mahalarta za su kai yarjejeniya ko dai. A karshe tushen inconsistency shi ne cewa digital shekaru bincike ne ƙara gauraye a cikin sauran riƙa, wadda take kaiwa zuwa yiwuwar overlapping norms da dokoki. Alal misali, wani tunanin Contagion wani haɗin gwiwar tsakanin data masanin kimiyya a Facebook da kuma farfesa kuma digiri na biyu dalibi a Cornell. A Facebook guje manyan gwajen ne na yau da kullum kamar yadda idan dai suka bi da Facebook ta sharuddan sabis, kuma a wancan lokacin, babu uku-jam'iyyar review na gwaje-gwajen. A Cornell da norms da dokoki ne quite daban-daban. kusan duk gwaje-gwajen dole ne a sake nazari da Cornell IRB. To, wanda ya kafa dokoki ya kamata mulki Wani tunanin Contagion-Facebook ta ko Cornell ta? Lokacin da akwai saba da overlapping dokoki, da dokoki, da kuma norms har da-ma'ana masu bincike sami matsala yin da hakkin abu. A gaskiya ma, saboda inconsistency, akwai yiwuwa ba har ma da zama guda yancin abu.

Overall, nan biyu fasali-kara iko da rashin yarjejeniya game da yadda da cewa ikon kamata a yi amfani-rõwa da masu bincike da aiki a digital shekaru za su fuskanci kalubale mai da'a ga foreseeable nan gaba. Abin farin, masu bincike ta wadannan kalubale ba ka bukatar ka fara daga karce. A maimakon haka, masu bincike za su iya zana hikima daga baya raya da'a akida, da kuma frameworks, da batutuwa na gaba biyu sashe.