3.3.2 Ji

Ji ne game da yin inferences daga abin da weights ce wa abin da weights tunani da kuma aikata.

Sinfi na biyu daga cikin jimlar binciken kuskure tsarin ne ji. shi ke hulda da yadda za mu iya yin inferences daga amsoshi da weights ba mu tambayoyi. Sai dai itace cewa amsoshin da muka samu, sabili da haka inferences mu yi, za a iya dogara da kafofin yada-da wani lokacin m hanyoyi-on daidai yadda za mu tambaya. Zai yiwu kome nuna wannan muhimmiyar ma'ana mafi alhẽri daga da wargi a ban mamaki littafin tambayoyi da Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, kuma Brian Wansink (2004) :

Biyu firistoci, a Dominican da Jesuit, an tattauna ko yana zunubi hayaki kuma yi addu'a a lokaci guda. Bayan kasawa don isa a ƙarshe, kowane ke kashe tuntubar ya Game m. The Dominican ya ce, "Me ka m ce?"

The Jesuit amsa, "Ya ce shi ke nana."

"Wannan funny" Dominican amsawa, "My duba ce shi ne zunubi."

The Jesuit ya ce, "Me ka tambaye shi?" The Dominican amsawa, "Na tambaye shi idan ya ke nana hayaki yayin addu'a." "Oh" ya ce Jesuit, "Na tambayi idan ya yi domin ya yi addu'a yayin da shan taba."

Akwai su da yawa misalai na anomalies kamar wanda dandana by biyu firistoci. A gaskiya, da sosai fito a tushen wannan wargi yana da suna a cikin binciken bincike al'umma: tambaya form effects (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . To ga yadda tambaya form effects iya tasiri real safiyo, ka yi la'akari da wadannan biyu sosai kama Kaif binciken tambayoyi:

• "Nawa kake yarda da wadannan bayani: Mutane sun fi zargi fiye da zamantakewa da yanayi na aikata laifi da kuma aika mugunta a cikin wannan kasar."
• "Nawa kake yarda da wadannan bayani: Social yanayi ne mafi zargi fiye da mutane ga yin laifi da kuma aika mugunta a cikin wannan kasar."

Ko da yake biyu tambayoyi bayyana a auna wannan abu, sai suka samar da daban-daban da sakamakon a wani real binciken gwaji (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Lokacin da aka tambaye wata hanya, game da 60% na weights ruwaito cewa mutane sun kasance mafi zargi ga yin laifi, amma a lokacin da ya tambaye da sauran hanyar da game da 60% ya ruwaito cewa zamantakewa yanayi kasance mafi zargi (Figure 3.2). A wasu kalmomin, da kananan bambanci tsakanin tambayoyi zai kai masu bincike zuwa daban-daban ƙarshe.

Figure 3.2: Results daga wani binciken da gwaji (Schuman and Presser 1996, Table 8.1) . Masu bincike za su iya samun daban-daban amsoshi dangane daidai yadda suka tambaya. Wannan shi ne wani misali da wani tambaya form sakamako (Kalton and Schuman 1982) .

Baya ga tsarin da tambaya, weights kuma zai iya ba daban-daban amsoshi bisa takamaiman kalmomi amfani. Alal misali, domin ya auna, ra'ayin game da gwamnati manyan al'amurra, weights aka karanta wadannan m:

"Mun fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa a wannan kasa, babu wani daga wanda za a iya warware sauƙi ko a saukake. Zan je suna wasu daga cikin wadannan matsaloli, da kuma ga kowane daya Ina son ka ka gaya mini, shin, ka yi zaton muna da jawabin da yawa kudi a kan shi, kuma kudi kadan, ko a game da hakkin adadin. "

Next, rabin weights aka tambaye game da "jindadin" da kuma rabin aka tambaye game da "agaji ga talakawa." Duk da yake wadannan iya ze kamar biyu daban-daban phrases ga wannan al'amari, suka elicited daban sakamakon (Figure 3.3); Amirkawa rahoton kasancewa fiye da taimaka da "taimako ga matalauta" fiye da "jindadin" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) . Duk da yake binciken masu bincike duba wadannan wording effects zama anomalies, su kuma iya duba su gudanar da bincike binciken. Wato, mun koyi wani abu game da jama'a ra'ayi daga wannan sakamakon.

Figure 3.3: Results daga Huber and Paris (2013) . Weights ne yafi taimaka da "taimako ga matalauta" fiye da "jindadin." Wannan shi ne wani misali da wani tambaya wording sakamako inda amsoshin da masu bincike sama dogara ne a kan daidai da kalmomin da suka yi amfani da su tambayoyi.

Kamar yadda wadannan misalai game da tambaya form effects da wording effects nuna, amsoshin da masu bincike sama za a iya rinjayi a dabara hanyoyi bisa yadda suka tambaye su tambayoyi. Wannan ba ya nufin cewa safiyo kada a yi amfani. sau da yawa babu zabi. Ã'a, misalai suna nuna cewa ya kamata mu yi mu tambayoyi a hankali kuma ya kamata mu ba su yarda da martani uncritically.

Mai concretely, wannan yana nufin cewa idan kana nazarin binciken bayanan da aka tattara daga wani, tabbatar da cewa ka karanta ainihin littafin tambayoyi. Kuma, idan an samar da your own tambayoyi, ina da uku shawarwari. Na farko, na bayar da shawarar ka karanta game da tambayoyi zane (misali, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ). akwai more da shi fiye da na jima iya bayyana a nan. Na biyu, na bayar da shawarar cewa ka kwafe-kalma kalma-tambayoyi daga high quality-safiyo. Ko da yake wannan sauti kamar plagiarism, kwashe tambayoyi ne karfafa cikin binciken bincike (muddin ka buga asalin binciken). Idan ka kwafa tambayoyi daga high quality-safiyo, za ka iya tabbata cewa su, an gwada kuma za a iya kwatanta martani to your binciken to martani daga wasu binciken. A karshe, ina bayar da shawarar da ka pre-jarraba ku tambayoyi tare da wasu mutane daga frame yawan (Presser et al. 2004) . ta kwarewa ne cewa pre-gwaji ko da yaushe bayyana m al'amurran da suka shafi.