3.5.1 Muhalli yanzu-yanzu kimomi
Masu bincike za su iya sara up babban safiyo da kuma yayyafa da su cikin mutane rayuwarsu.
Muhalli na yanzu-yanzu kimomi (Ema) ya shafi shan gargajiya safiyo, chopping su a cikin guda, kuma sprinkling su a cikin rayuwar mahalarta. Saboda haka, binciken tambayoyi za a iya tambaye a wani lokaci da kuma wuri, maimakon a cikin dogon hira makonni bayan abubuwan da suka faru sun faru.
Ema ne halin da hudu fasali: (1) tarin bayanai a hakikanin-duniya muhallin. (2) kimomi da mayar da hankali a kan mutane 'halin yanzu ko' yan sosai jihohi ko halayyar, (3) kimomi wanda zai iya zama taron na tushen, lokaci-tushen, ko da ka sa (dangane da bincike tambaya); da kuma (4) kammala mahara kimomi a kan lokaci (Stone and Shiffman 1994) . Ema sigar tsarin kula da tambayar da aka ƙwarai facilitated by smart phones cewa mutane hulɗa tare da akai-akai a ko'ina cikin yini. Bugu da ari, domin smart phones suna cushe da na'urori masu auna sigina-kamar GPS kuma accelerometers-shi ne ƙara yiwu a fararwa ma'aunai bisa aiki. Alal misali, a smart phone za a iya kaddara to fararwa wani binciken tambaya idan wanda ake kara shiga wani unguwa.
The wa'adin Ema aka kyau kwatanta da dissertation bincike Na'omi Sugie. Tun da 1970s Amurka ya cika fuska kara yawan mutanen da shi imprisons. Kamar yadda na 2005, game da 500 a cikin kowane 100,000 Amirkawa sun kasance a gidan yari, a kudi na] aurin fi ko'ina kuma a duniya (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . The karuwa a yawan mutanen da shiga kurkuku ya kuma samar da karuwa a yawan mutanen da barin gidan yari. game da 700.000 mutane bar kurkuku a kowace shekara (Wakefield and Uggen 2010) . Wadannan tsohon laifi fuskanci tsanani kalubale a kan barin gidan yari, da kuma rashin alheri da yawa kawo karshen sama da baya a kurkuku. Domin ya fahimci da kuma rage recidivism, zamantakewa masana kimiyya da manufofin masu bukatar fahimtar da gwaninta na tsohon laifi kamar yadda suka sake-shigar al'umma. Duk da haka, wadannan bayanan suna da wuya a tattara da misali duba hanyoyin saboda tsohon laifi ayan zama da wuya ya yi nazarin da kuma rãyukansu, su ne musamman m. Ji fuskanci cewa tura safiyo kowane 'yan watanni miss babban yawa na masu kuzarin kawo cikas a rayuwarsu (Sugie 2016) .
Domin nazarin sake shigarwa tsari na tsohon laifi da yawa mafi girma daidaici, Sugie dauki wani misali yiwuwa samfurin 131 mutane daga cikakken jerin mutane barin kurkuku a Newark, New Jersey. Ta bayar da kowane ɗan takara da smart phone cewa ya zama mai arziki data tarin dandamali. Sugie amfani da wayoyin a tafiyad da iri biyu safiyo. Na farko, ta aika da wani "kwarewa daukan samfur duba" a wani da ka zaba lokaci tsakanin 9am da 6pm tambayar mahalarta game da su a halin yanzu ayyukan da kuma juyayinsu. Na biyu, a 7pm, sai ta aika a "kullum binciken" tambayar game da dukan ayyukan da wannan rana. Tare da wadannan biyu safiyo samar da cikakken, a tsaye bayanai game da rayuwar wadannan tsohon laifi.
Bugu da kari wadannan safiyo, da phones rubuta yanayin wuri a yau da kullum jinkiri da kuma kiyaye zane records na kira da rubutu meta-data. Dukan wannan bayanai tarin, musamman m data collection, kiwata wasu da'a tambayoyi, amma Sugie ta zane abar kulawa da su da kyau. Sugie samu ma'ana informed yarda daga kowace yar wannan data collection, amfani da ya dace tsaro kare, kuma a sa mahalarta su kashe yanayin tracking. Bugu da ari, domin rage hadarin tilasta watsuwar labari (misali, a takardar kira a zo kotu daga 'yan sanda), Sugie samu Certificate na sirri daga gwamnatin tarayya da wani data aka tattara (Beskow, Dame, and Costello 2008; Wolf et al. 2012) . Sugie ta hanyoyin da aka sake nazari by wani ɓangare na uku (ta jami'ar ta hukumomi Review Board), kuma suka tafi da nisa fiye da abin da ake bukata da data kasance dokoki. Kamar yadda irin wannan, ina ganin ta aiki na samar da wani muhimmanci da koyi ga wasu masu bincike ta wadannan guda kalubale. ganin Sugie (2014) da kuma Sugie (2016) domin karin cikakken tattaunawa.
Yiwuwar m riƙe a barga aiki yana da muhimmanci ga nasara reentry tsari. Duk da haka, Sugie gano cewa ta mahalarta aikin abubuwan kasance na yau da kullum, wucin gadi, da kuma harben. Bugu da ari, a cikin ta yar pool, akwai hudu jinsin alamu: "farkon fita" (waɗanda suka fara neman aiki amma sai sauke daga aiki kasuwa), "m search" (waɗanda suke ciyar da yawa daga cikin lokaci da neman aiki) "maimaituwa aiki" (waɗanda suke ciyar da yawa daga cikin tsawon aiki), da kuma "low amsa" (wadanda ba su amsa da safiyo a kai a kai). Bugu da ari, Sugie so ya fahimta game da mutanen da suka daina neman jobs. Daya yiwuwar shi ne cewa wadannan binciken karai da tawayar da kuma ƙarshe sauke daga aiki kasuwa. Masani ne ga wannan yiwuwar, Sugie amfani da ita safiyo da tattara bayanai game da wani tunanin Jihar mahalarta, kuma ta gano cewa, "farkon fita" kungiyar bai bayar da rahoton hakan matakan danniya ko unhappiness. Ã'a, m shi ne idan: wadanda suka ci gaba da bincika aikin ruwaito more ji na wani tunanin wahala. Dukan wannan lafiya-grained, a tsaye, daki-daki, game da hali da kuma wani tunanin jihar na tsohon laifi yana da muhimmanci ga fahimtar shinge da suke fuskanta da kuma sassauta su mika mulki baya cikin al'umma. Bugu da ari, duk da wannan m-grained daki-daki, dã an yi aka rasa a cikin wani misali binciken.
Akwai uku general darussa daga Sugie aikin. Na farko, sabon hanyoyin tambayar su ne gaba daya jituwa tare da gargajiya da hanyoyin da daukan samfur. tuna, cewa Sugie dauki wani misali yiwuwa sample daga rijiya-tsare frame yawan. Na biyu, high-mita, a tsaye ma'aunai na iya zama musamman m ga nazarin zamantakewa abubuwan da suke jifa-jifa da tsauri. Na uku, a lõkacin da binciken data tarin ne a hade tare da digital burbushi, ƙarin da'a al'amurran da suka shafi za tashi. Zan bi da bincike xa'a a more daki-daki, a Babi na 6, amma Sugie aikin nuna cewa wadannan batutuwa ne addressable da conscientious da m bincike.
