4.1 Gabatarwa

A cikin hanyoyi da aka rufe har yanzu a wannan hali mai lura da littafi (babi na 2) da kuma yin tambayoyi (babi na 3) -an masu binciken sun tattara bayanai ba tare da gangan ba kuma suna canza tsarin duniya. Ƙarin da aka rufe a cikin wannan gwagwarmayar gwaje-gwajen-yana da mahimmanci. Lokacin da masu bincike ke gudanar da gwaje-gwaje, suna amfani da shi a cikin duniya don ƙirƙirar bayanai wanda ya dace don amsa tambayoyin game da dangantaka da haɗari.

Tambayoyi masu tasiri da mahimmanci suna da mahimmanci a bincike na zamantakewa, kuma misalai sun haɗa da tambayoyin kamar: Shin karuwar albashin malami ya kara yawan ilmantarwa? Mene ne sakamakon sakamako mafi tsada a kan farashin aikin? Yaya aikin tseren aiki ya sa ya sami damar samun aiki? Bugu da ƙari, ga waɗannan tambayoyin tambayoyin, wasu lokuta tambayoyi masu tasiri-da-sakamako sun kasance a cikin ƙididdiga mafi yawa game da ƙaddamarwa na wasu ƙirar aiki. Alal misali, tambaya "Yaya launi ya kamata maɓallin kyauta ya kasance a kan shafin yanar gizon na NGO?" Yana da yawa tambayoyi game da sakamakon launuka daban-daban launuka akan abubuwan taimako.

Wata hanyar amsa tambayoyin dalili-da-sakamako shine neman samfurori a bayanan data kasance. Alal misali, komawar tambayar game da sakamako na albashin malami a kan ilmantarwa na dalibi, zaku iya lissafa cewa ɗalibai suna koyon ƙwarewa a makarantun da ke ba da albashin malami. Amma, wannan hulɗar ya nuna cewa albashi mafi girma ya sa dalibai su koyi ƙarin bayani? Babu shakka ba. Makarantu inda malamai ke samun ƙarin zai iya zama daban a hanyoyi da yawa. Alal misali, ɗalibai a makarantu da manyan albashin malami na iya fitowa daga iyalan masu arziki. Ta haka ne, abin da ke kama da ilimin malamai zai iya fito ne daga kwatanta nau'o'in dalibai. Wadannan bambance-bambance marasa bambanci tsakanin dalibai ana kiransa masu rikitarwa , kuma, a zahiri, yiwuwar masu rikitarwa ya lalata mahimmancin masu bincike don amsa tambayoyin da suke haifarwa ta hanyar neman samfurori a bayanan data kasance.

Ɗaya daga cikin maganin matsalolin masu rikitarwa shine ƙoƙarin yin daidaitattun daidaituwa ta daidaitawa don bambancin ra'ayi tsakanin kungiyoyi. Alal misali, ƙila za ku iya sauke bayanan harajin kuɗi daga wasu shafukan yanar gizon. Bayan haka, zaku iya kwatanta aikin ɗalibai a makarantu inda farashin gida yake kama amma malaman makaranta sun bambanta, kuma har yanzu kuna iya ganin cewa ɗalibai suna koyon ilimi a makarantu da darajar malami. Amma har yanzu akwai wasu masu rikici. Wataƙila iyaye na waɗannan daliban sun bambanta a matakin ilimi. Ko watakila makarantu sun bambanta a kusanci da ɗakin ɗakin karatu. Ko watakila makarantu da malamai mafi mahimmanci sun biya bashi mafi girma ga ɗalibai, kuma bashi biya, ba malamin makaranta, shi ne ainihin abin da yaron yaran ya karu. Zaka iya gwada gwadawa kuma daidaita wa waɗannan mahimmanai, amma jerin wadanda za su iya rikitawa ba su da iyaka. A lokuta da dama, ba za ku iya aunawa da daidaitawa ga dukan masu rikici ba. Dangane da wannan kalubalen, masu bincike sun kirkiro dabarun da dama don samar da ƙaddarar ƙira daga abubuwan da ba na gwaji ba-na tattauna wasu daga cikin su a cikin babi na 2-amma, ga wasu tambayoyi, waɗannan fasaha sun iyakance, kuma gwaje-gwajen sun bada alamar alkawari madadin.

Gwaje-gwaje na taimaka wa masu bincike su matsawa bayan haɓakawa a cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi domin su iya amsa wasu tambayoyi masu tasiri da-tasiri. A lokacin analog, gwaje-gwaje da yawa sun kasance masu wuya kuma suna da tsada. Yanzu, a cikin shekarun dijital, ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin ƙididdigar hankali suna ɓacewa sosai. Ba wai kawai ya fi sauƙin yin gwaje-gwajen kamar wadanda aka aikata a baya, yanzu yana yiwuwa a gudanar da sababbin gwaje-gwaje.

A cikin abin da na rubuta har ya zuwa yanzu an yi watsi da shi a cikin harshena, amma yana da muhimmanci a rarrabe tsakanin abubuwa biyu: gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gwajen da aka bazu. A cikin gwajin , mai bincike yayi magana a cikin duniya sannan kuma yayi la'akari da sakamako. Na ji irin wannan tsarin da aka kwatanta a matsayin "rikicewa da tsinkaya." A cikin gwajin gwajin da bazuwar wani mai bincike yayi magana akan wasu mutane ba don wasu ba, kuma mai binciken ya yanke shawarar wanda mutane suke karɓar baki ta hanyar ba da izini (misali, frising a tsabar kudin). Gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa wanda aka ƙaddara ya haifar da daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu: wanda ya karbi saƙo kuma wanda bai samu ba. A wasu kalmomi, gwajin gwagwarmaya bazuwar wani bayani ne ga matsalolin rikici. Gyaran gwaje-gwaje da tsayayyar gwagwarmaya, duk da haka, ya ƙunshi ƙungiya guda ɗaya da aka karbi saƙo, sabili da haka sakamakon zai iya haifar da masu bincike ga rashin kuskure (kamar yadda zan nuna ba da daɗewa ba). Duk da mahimmancin bambance-bambance tsakanin gwaje-gwajen da gwajin gwagwarmaya bazuwar, masu bincike na zamantakewa sukan yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi a cikin lokaci. Zan bi wannan taron, amma, a wasu mahimmanci, zan karya wannan taron don jaddada muhimmancin gwajin gwajin gwagwarmaya a kan gwaje-gwajen ba tare da bazuwa ba kuma wani rukuni mai kulawa.

Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar da gwagwarmaya sun tabbatar da zama hanya mai mahimmanci don koyo game da zamantakewar al'umma, kuma a cikin wannan babi, zan nuna maka game da yadda zaka yi amfani da su a cikin bincikenka. A cikin sashi na 4.2, zan nuna misalin mahimmanci na gwaji tare da misali na gwaji akan Wikipedia. Bayan haka, a cikin sashe na 4.3, zan bayyana bambancin tsakanin gwajin gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gwaje na gwaje-gwajen da kuma bambancin tsakanin nazarin analog da gwaje-gwaje na dijital. Bugu da ƙari, zan yi jayayya cewa gwaje-gwaje na jannatin hoto na iya bayar da mafi kyawun fasalin binciken analog (ƙananan kulawa) da kuma gwajin analog (realism), duk a sikelin wanda ba zai yiwu a baya ba. Na gaba, a cikin sashi na 4.4, zan bayyana ka'idodi guda uku - inganci, bambancin yanayin maganin, da kuma hanyoyin-wadanda suke da mahimmanci don tsara kayan gwaji. Tare da wannan batu, zan bayyana masu cinikin da ke cikin manyan hanyoyi guda biyu na gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na dijital: yin shi da kanka ko haɗin kai tare da mai iko. A karshe, zan gama da wasu shawarwari game da yadda zaka iya amfani da hakikanin ikon gwaje-gwaje na dijital (sashi na 4.6.1) da kuma bayyana wasu nauyin da ya zo da wannan ikon (sashi na 4.6.2).