4.6.1 Create sifili m kudin data

Babban mahimmanci don gudanar da manyan gwaje-gwajen shine don fitar da kudin ku mai sauƙi don kome. Hanya mafi kyau don yin wannan ita ce ta atomatik da tsara zane-zane.

Ƙwararrun gwaje-gwaje na iya samun nauyin nau'i nau'i nau'i daban-daban, kuma wannan yana sa masu bincike suyi gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwajen da bazai yiwu ba a baya. Wata hanya ta tunani game da wannan bambanci shine a lura cewa gwaje-gwajen kullum suna da nau'i biyu na halin kaka: farashin tsagewa da farashin mai sauƙi. Ƙayyadadden farashin kuɗi ne wanda bai canza ba ko da kuwa yawan mahalarta. Alal misali, a gwaji na gwaji, ƙayyadaddun farashi zai iya zama farashin biyan kuɗi da sayen kayan haya. Kudin mai sauƙi , a gefe guda, canza dangane da yawan mahalarta. Alal misali, a gwajin gwaji, farashin mai sauƙi zai iya fitowa daga biyan ma'aikatan da mahalarta. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin analog na da ƙayyadadden farashin da farashi mai mahimmanci, yayin da gwaje-gwaje na dijital suna da farashin tsada da farashin mai sauƙi (adadi na 4.19). Kodayake gwaje-gwaje na dijital suna da farashin mai sauƙi, za ka iya ƙirƙirar dama da dama lokacin da kake fitar da farashi masu tsada har ya zuwa kome.

Figure 4.19: Tsarin tsarin haɓaka a cikin gwaje-gwajen analog da dijital. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin analog na da ƙayyadadden farashin da farashi mai mahimmanci kodayake gwaje-gwaje na dijital suna da farashin tsada da farashin mai sauƙi. Tsarin gine-gine yana nufin cewa gwaje-gwajen dijital na iya gudana a sikelin da ba zai yiwu ba tare da nazarin analog.

Akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu na kudade mai tsafta don ma'aikatan da biyan kuɗi ga mahalarta - kuma waɗannan ɗayan waɗannan za a iya kai su ba tare da amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban ba. Biyan kuɗi ga ma'aikatan ya fito ne daga aikin da masu taimakawa na bincike suke yiwa mahalarta aiki, yada maganin, da kuma auna sakamakon. Alal misali, gwajin analog na Schultz da abokan aiki (2007) akan amfani da wutar lantarki da ake buƙatar masu taimakawa bincike don tafiya a kowace gida don ba da magani kuma karanta mita m (Fig. 4.3). Duk wannan ƙoƙari na masu taimakawa bincike ya nuna cewa ƙara sabon gidan zuwa binciken zai kara da kudin. A wani gefen kuma, don gwaji na jigilar yanar gizo na Restivo da van de Rijt (2012) a kan sakamakon sakamako a kan masu gyara Wikipedia, masu bincike zasu iya ƙara yawan masu halartar a kusan komai. Hanyar dabarun da za a rage kalubalen kulawa shi ne maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam (wanda yake da tsada) tare da aikin kwamfuta (wanda bashi ne). Da wuya, za ka iya tambayar kanka: Shin wannan gwajin zai iya gudana yayin da kowa a cikin tawagar bincike na barci? Idan amsar ita ce a'a, kun yi babban aikin aiki na atomatik.

Hanya na biyu na kudin mai tsada shi ne biyan kuɗi ga mahalarta. Wasu masu bincike sun yi amfani da Amazon Mechanical Turk da wasu kasuwanni na layi na yau da kullum don rage kudaden da ake buƙata ga mahalarta. Don fitar da farashi masu tsada har zuwa babu kome, duk da haka, ana buƙatar daban-daban. Na dogon lokaci, masu bincike sun tsara gwaje-gwajen da suke da dadi sosai suna biya mutane su shiga. Amma idan za ku iya ƙirƙirar gwajin da mutane suke so su kasance? Wannan yana iya jin dadi, amma zan ba ku misalin da ke ƙasa daga aikin kaina, kuma akwai karin misalai a tebur 4.4. Ka lura cewa wannan ra'ayin na tsara kyawawan gwaje-gwajen yana nuna wasu daga cikin batutuwa a babi na 3 game da zayyana karin sabbin binciken da kuma a cikin babi na 5 game da zanewar haɗin gwiwar. Saboda haka, ina tsammanin cewa mahalarta na farin ciki-abin da za a iya kira shi kwarewar mai amfani - zai zama wani muhimmin mahimmanci na zane-zane a cikin zamani na zamani.

Idan kana son ƙirƙirar gwaje-gwajen tare da nauyin farashi masu tsada, zaka buƙatar tabbatar da cewa duk abin an sarrafa shi sosai kuma masu mahalarta ba su buƙatar kowane biyan kuɗi. Don nuna yadda wannan zai yiwu, zan bayyana bincike na nazari game da nasarar da kasawar kayan al'adu.

Abubuwan da nake da shi na motsawa ne ta hanyar dabarun nasara ga al'adu. Rubun waƙoƙi, littattafai masu sayar da kaya, da fina-finai masu fashewa suna da yawa, mafi yawan nasara fiye da matsakaici. Saboda haka, ana kiran kasuwannin ga waɗannan samfurori ne a kasuwannin "kasuwanci-dukansu". Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, wanda waƙar, littafin, ko fim din zai zama nasara shi ne wanda ba shakka ba ne. Mawallafi William Goldman (1989) ya kirkiro da yawa daga binciken kimiyya ta hanyar cewa, idan ya zo da tsinkayar nasara, "babu wanda ya san wani abu." Kasancewar kasuwancin da aka samu na cin nasara ya ba ni mamaki ko yaya nasarar ya kasance sakamakon na inganci kuma nawa ne kawai sa'a. Ko kuma, ya bayyana kadan daban-daban, idan za mu iya ƙirƙirar duniyoyi masu daidaituwa kuma su sa su duka su fito da kansu, za su zama waƙoƙi guda ɗaya a kowace duniya? Kuma, in ba haka ba, menene zai zama wata hanyar da ta haifar da wadannan bambance-bambance?

Domin amsa wadannan tambayoyin, mu-Peter Dodds, Duncan Watts (mashawarina na sharhi), da kuma jerin jerin samfurori da ke cikin layi. Musamman ma, mun gina wani shafin yanar gizon da ake kira MusicLab inda mutane za su iya gano sabon kiɗa, kuma mun yi amfani da ita don samin gwaje-gwaje. Mun haɗu da mahalarta ta hanyar tallafin banner a kan shafin yanar gizo mai ban sha'awa (adadi 4.20) da kuma ta hanyar yin magana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. Masu shiga zuwa shafin yanar gizonmu sun ba da izinin sanarwar, sun kammala tambayoyin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma an ba su izini daya daga cikin yanayi na gwaji-zaman kanta da zamantakewa. A cikin yanayin zaman kanta, mahalarta sun yanke shawarar game da waƙoƙin waƙoƙin da za su saurari, ba kawai sunaye sunayen da waƙoƙi ba. Yayinda yake sauraron waƙa, ana tambayar masu halartar su yi la'akari da shi bayan haka sun sami damar (amma ba wajibi) don sauke waƙar ba. A cikin yanayin tasirin zamantakewa, mahalarta suna da irin wannan kwarewa, sai dai sun iya ganin sau nawa kowanne waƙar da aka sauke ta mahalarta na baya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, mahalarta a cikin yanayin zamantakewar al'umma an ba da izini zuwa ɗaya daga cikin duniya guda takwas, wanda kowannensu ya samo asali ne (adadi 4.21). Ta amfani da wannan zane, mun yi tafiya da gwaje-gwaje biyu masu dangantaka. Da farko, mun gabatar da waƙoƙin waƙa ga masu halartar a cikin grid ɗin da ba a haɗa su ba, wanda ya ba su wata alama mai rauni. A gwaji na biyu, mun gabatar da waƙoƙi a cikin jerin sunayen, wanda ya ba da alama mafi karfi na shahararrun (adadi 4.22).

Figure 4.20: Misali na banner talla cewa abokan aiki da kuma na yi amfani dasu masu halartar a cikin gwaje-gwaje na (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . An sake buga shi ta izini daga Salganik (2007) , siffa 2.12.

Figure 4.21: Gwajin gwaji ga gwaje-gwajen (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . An ba da kyauta ga wadanda suka halarci daya daga cikin yanayi guda biyu: rinjayar kai tsaye da zamantakewa. Masu shiga cikin yanayin zaman kansu sunyi zabi ba tare da wani bayani game da abin da wasu mutane suka yi ba. Duk wanda ya shiga cikin yanayin zamantakewar al'umma an sanya shi a cikin ɗaya daga cikin duniya guda guda takwas, inda za su iya ganin shahararrun-kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar saukewar mahalarta na gaba-kowane waƙa a duniyarsu, amma basu iya ganin wani bayani game da su ba, kuma basu ko da san game da kasancewar, wani daga cikin sauran duniya. An sauya Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , siffar s1.

Mun gano cewa shahararrun waƙoƙin sun bambanta a fadin duniya, suna cewa wannan sa'a ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun nasara. Alal misali, a cikin duniyar daya waƙar "Lockdown" ta 52Metro ya zo a cikin saƙo na farko daga 48, yayin da a wani duniya ya zo a 40th. Wannan shi ne ainihin wannan waƙar da yake taka rawa game da duk sauran waƙoƙin, amma a cikin duniyar daya ya sami sa'a kuma a cikin wasu ba haka ba. Bugu da ari, ta hanyar kwatanta sakamakon a duk gwaje-gwajen biyu, mun gano cewa tasirin zamantakewa yana ƙaruwa da irin waɗannan kasuwanni, wanda zai iya nuna muhimmancin fasaha. Amma, kallon duniya (wanda ba za a iya yin ba a waje da irin wannan gwajin gwagwarmaya), mun gano cewa tasirin zamantakewa ya karu da muhimmancin sa'a. Bugu da ari, abin mamaki, shi ne waƙoƙin da ake kira mafi girma a inda sa'a ya fi yawa (adadi 4.23).

Figure 4.22: Screenshots daga yanayin tasirin zamantakewa a cikin gwajin (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . A cikin yanayin tasirin zamantakewa a cikin gwaji 1, an gabatar da waƙoƙin, tare da lambar saukewa, zuwa ga masu halartar shirya a cikin 16 \(\times\) 3 grid na rectangular, inda aka sanya waƙoƙin waƙoƙi a kowane lokaci mai shiga. A cikin gwaji 2, an nuna mahalarta a cikin yanayin tasirin zamantakewar waƙoƙi, tare da sauke ƙididdigar, an gabatar da su a cikin wani shafi a cikin tsari mai saukewa na shahararren yanzu.

Figure 4.23: Sakamako daga gwaje-gwaje na MusicLab da ke nuna dangantakar tsakanin kira da nasara (Salganik, Dodds, and Watts 2006) . Da \(x\) -axis shine kasuwar kasuwar waƙa a cikin duniya mai zaman kanta, wadda ta zama ma'auni na roƙo na waƙa, kuma \(y\) s a matsayin kasuwar irin wannan waƙa a ƙa'idodi takwas na zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ya zama ma'auni na nasarar waƙoƙin. Mun gano cewa kara yawan tasirin zamantakewar da mahalarta suka fuskanta-musamman, sauyawa a layout daga gwaji 1 don gwaji 2 (siffa 4.22) -a ci gaba da samun nasara sosai, musamman ga waƙoƙin da suka fi dacewa. An sauya Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006) , adadi na 3.

MusicLab ya iya gudana a farashi mai mahimmanci maras nauyi saboda hanyar da aka tsara. Na farko, duk abin da aka sarrafa ta atomatik don haka yana iya gudu yayin da nake barci. Na biyu, kyauta ta kyauta ne kyauta, saboda haka babu kudin da za a iya biyan kuɗi. Yin amfani da kiɗa kamar yadda diyya yana nuna yadda akwai wani lokacin cinikin ciniki tsakanin farashin gyarawa da ma'auni. Amfani da kiɗa ya ƙãra farashin kaya saboda dole in yi amfani da lokaci don samun izini daga ɗayan kuma in tanada rahotanni game da yadda mahalarta ke nunawa ga kiɗa. Amma a wannan yanayin, kara yawan farashin kaya don rage yawan farashin lamarin shine abinda ya dace; Wannan shi ne abin da ya sa mu samu gwajin da ya kasance kusan 100 sau da yawa fiye da gwaji na kwarai.

Bugu da ari, gwaje-gwaje na MusicLab ya nuna cewa farashi mai tsada ba dole ba ne ƙarshen kanta; maimakon haka, zai iya zama hanyar yin amfani da sabon gwajin. Lura cewa ba mu yi amfani da dukkan masu halartarmu don gudanar da gwajin gwaji na zamani na gwajin gwaji 100 ba. Maimakon haka, mun yi wani abu daban, wanda zaku iya tunanin yadda za a sauyawa daga gwajin gwaji ga wani zamantakewar zamantakewa (Hedström 2006) . Maimakon mayar da hankali ga yanke shawara na mutum, mun mayar da hankali game da gwajinmu game da shahararrun, wani sakamako na gama kai. Wannan canji zuwa wani sakamako mai mahimmanci ya nufin cewa muna buƙatar game da masu halartar 700 don samar da bayanai guda ɗaya (akwai mutane 700 a cikin dukkanin duniya). Wannan ma'auni ne kawai zai yiwu saboda tsarin kudin gwajin. Bugu da ƙari, idan masu bincike suna so suyi nazarin yadda zaɓaɓɓun sakamakon zasu fito daga yanke shawara guda ɗaya, gwaje-gwajen rukuni kamar MusicLab suna da ban sha'awa sosai. A baya, sun kasance mai wuya, amma waɗannan matsalolin suna faduwa saboda yiwuwar nauyin farashi mai sauƙi.

Bugu da ƙari, a kwatanta amfanin amfanin ƙididdiga masu tsada, babu shakka, gwaje-gwaje na MusicLab na nuna kalubale tare da wannan hanya: farashin tsada. A halin da nake ciki, na yi farin ciki sosai don in iya aiki tare da wani mai kirkiro yanar gizo mai suna Peter Hausel na kimanin watanni shida don gina gwajin. Wannan ya yiwu ne kawai saboda mai bada shawara na, Duncan Watts, ya karbi wasu tallafin don tallafawa irin wannan bincike. Fasaha ya inganta tun lokacin da muka gina MusicLab a shekara ta 2004 saboda haka zai zama mafi sauƙi don gina gwajin kamar wannan a yanzu. Amma, sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya tsai da kudade ne kawai ga masu bincike wanda za su iya biyan wadannan farashin.

A ƙarshe, gwaje-gwaje na dijital na iya samun nauyin nau'i nau'i daban-daban fiye da nazarin analog. Idan kuna so kuyi babban gwaje-gwaje, ya kamata kuyi ƙoƙari ku rage yawan kuɗin ku mai yawa kamar yadda ya kamata kuma ku dace a cikin hanya zuwa kome. Kuna iya yin wannan ta hanyar sarrafawa na aikin gwaji (misali, maye gurbin lokacin ɗan adam tare da lokaci na kwamfutar) da kuma tsara gwaje-gwajen da mutane suke so su kasance. Masu bincike waɗanda zasu iya tsara gwaje-gwajen tare da wadannan siffofin zasu iya gudanar da sababbin gwaje-gwajen da suka kasance ba zai yiwu ba a baya. Duk da haka, ƙwarewar da za ta samar da gwaje-gwaje masu tsada mai sauƙi na iya haifar da sababbin tambayoyi, batun da zan tattauna yanzu.