4.6.2 Gina zane a cikin zane: maye gurbin, tsaftacewa, da ragewa

Make your gwaji mafi m da maye gurbin gwaje-gwajen da wadanda ba na gwaji karatu, refining da jiyya, da kuma rage yawan mahalarta.

Wani bangare na biyu da zan bada game da zayyana gwaje-gwaje na dijital ya shafi damu. Kamar yadda Restivo da gwagwarmayar van de Rijt a kan barnstars a Wikipedia ya nuna, farashin ragewa yana nufin cewa ka'idoji zai zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na zane-zane. Baya ga shafukan da aka tsara na jagorantar bincike na mutum wanda zan bayyana a babi na 6, masu bincike da ke tsara zane-zane na zamani na iya jawo hanyoyi masu dacewa daga wata maɓalli daban-daban: ka'idodin ka'idoji sun bunkasa don jagorancin gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi dabbobi. Musamman ma, a cikin alamarsu mai suna Principles of Humane Experimental Technique , Russell and Burch (1959) ba da ka'idoji guda uku wanda zai jagoranci binciken dabba: maye gurbin, tsaftacewa, da ragewa. Ina so in bada shawara cewa za'a iya amfani da waɗannan R na uku - a cikin wani nau'i mai sauƙin canzawa-don jagorantar zane-zane na gwaje-gwajen mutum. Musamman ma,

• Sauya: Sauya gwaje-gwaje tare da hanyoyi marasa rinjaye idan ya yiwu.
• Ƙarfafa: Sake gwada magani don yin shi kamar yadda ba zai yiwu ba.
• Rage: Rage yawan mahalarta a cikin gwaji kamar yadda ya kamata.

Don yin wadannan rukunin R na uku kuma nuna yadda za su iya haifar da kyakkyawan tsari na gwajin mutum, zan bayyana wani gwaji na filin yanar gizo wanda ya haifar da muhawara ta al'ada. Bayan haka, zan bayyana irin yadda R 3 ke bayar da shawara da kwarewa da kuma canje-canjen da aka yi game da gwajin gwaji.

Ɗaya daga cikin gwagwarmayar gwaje-gwaje na dijital ta Adam da aka kirkiro shi ne, Jamie Guillroy, da Jeffrey Hancock (2014) kuma an kira su "Contagion na Motsa jiki." An yi gwajin a kan Facebook sannan kuma tasirin kimiyya ya motsa shi. tambayoyi masu amfani. A wannan lokacin, hanya mafi mahimmanci da masu amfani da Facebook tare da Facebook shine News Feed, wani samfurin algorithmically wanda aka samo daga samfurin Facebook daga masu amfani da Facebook. Wasu masu sukar Facebook sun nuna cewa saboda News Feed yana da mafi yawancin matakan da suka dace-abokai da ke nuna sabuwar ƙungiya-wanda zai iya sa masu amfani su ji dadi domin rayukansu ba su da farin ciki a kwatanta. A gefe guda, mai yiwuwa sakamako ne daidai da akasin haka: watakila ganin abokinka yana da lokaci mai kyau zai sa ka ji daɗi. Don magance wannan jaddada wajan-kuma don ci gaba da fahimtar yadda mahalarta abokai-Kramer da abokan aiki suke tasirin zuciyar su. Sun sanya kimanin 700,000 masu amfani zuwa ƙungiyoyi hudu na mako daya: ƙungiyar "ƙananan haɓakacciyar", wanda aka sanya waƙoƙin maganganu (misali, "baƙin ciki") a ɓoye daga bayyana a cikin News Feed; wani rukunin "haɓakaccen haɓaka" wanda wanda yake da kalmomi masu mahimmanci (misali, "farin ciki") an katange shi; da kuma kungiyoyi biyu masu kulawa. A cikin ƙungiyar kulawa da ƙungiyar "ƙungiyoyi masu ƙananan haɓakawa", an katange ginshiƙai a kowane lokaci kamar yadda ƙungiyar "ƙananan haɓakacciyar" ta ƙi amma ba tare da la'akari da abun ciki ba. Ƙungiyar mai kula da "rukunin" haɓakaccen rage "an gina shi a cikin layi daya. Nuna wannan gwaji ya nuna cewa ƙungiyar kula da ta dace bata koyaushe ba tare da canje-canje ba. Maimakon haka, wani lokacin, ƙungiyar kulawa tana karɓar magani domin ya haifar da kwatancin kwatankwacin da ake buƙatar tambaya. A duk lokuta, magoya bayan da aka katange daga News Feed har yanzu suna samuwa ga masu amfani ta sauran sassan shafin yanar gizon Facebook.

Kramer da abokan aiki sun gano cewa ga mahalarta a cikin yanayin rashin daidaituwa, yawancin kalmomi masu mahimmanci a matsayinsu na ɗaukaka sun rage kuma yawan kalmomi marasa ma'ana sun karu. A gefe guda, ga mahalarta a cikin yanayin rashin daidaituwa, yawancin kalmomi masu mahimmanci sun karu da ƙananan kalmomin da aka rage (adadi 4.24). Duk da haka, waɗannan halayen sun kasance ƙananan: bambancin dake cikin kalmomi masu mahimmanci tsakanin magunguna da iko shine kimanin 1 cikin 1,000 kalmomi.

Hoto na 4.24: Shaida na zubar da hankali (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Masu shiga cikin yanayin ragewar negativity sunyi amfani da kalmomi mara kyau da karin kalmomi masu mahimmanci, kuma masu halartar haɓakar rashin daidaituwa sunyi amfani da kalmomi mafi ma'ana da ƙananan kalmomi masu kyau. Bars suna wakiltar ƙananan kurakurai. An sauya daga Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock (2014) , adadi 1.

Kafin tattaunawa game da batutuwan da aka gabatar da wannan gwaji, Ina so in bayyana abubuwa uku na kimiyya ta amfani da wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suka gabata a cikin babi. Na farko, ba a bayyana yadda ainihin ainihin bayanai na gwaji sun haɗa da abubuwan da ake kira ba; a wasu kalmomi, akwai tambayoyi game da gina ginin. Ba a bayyana ba cewa kalmomin kirki da kuma mummunan ƙidaya su ne ainihin alama mai kyau game da halin tunanin mahalarta saboda (1) ba a bayyana cewa kalmomin da mutane ke aikawa suna nuna alamar motsin zuciyar su da kuma (2) ba Bayyana cewa irin wannan fasaha da aka yi amfani dasu na iya jin dadi (Beasley and Mason 2015; Panger 2016) . A wasu kalmomi, akwai ƙananan ma'auni na sigina mai ban sha'awa. Abu na biyu, zane da bincike na gwaji bai gaya mana kome game da wanda aka fi tasiri ba (watau, babu wani bincike game da irin abubuwan da ke faruwa) da kuma abin da tsarin zai kasance. A wannan yanayin, masu bincike suna da cikakken bayani game da mahalarta, amma an bi su kamar yadda widget din ke cikin bincike. Na uku, girman girman wannan gwaji ya yi kadan; Bambanci tsakanin yanayin kulawa da kulawa shine kimanin 1 cikin 1,000 kalmomi. A cikin takardun su, Kramer da abokan aiki sunyi la'akari da cewa tasirin wannan girman yana da muhimmanci saboda daruruwan miliyoyin mutane suna samun labarai a kowace rana. A wasu kalmomi, suna jayayya cewa koda kullun yana da ƙananan ga kowane mutum, suna da girma a tara. Koda koda za ku yarda da wannan hujja, har yanzu ba a bayyana ba idan tasirin wannan girman yana da mahimmanci game da batun kimiyya mafi girma game da yaduwa (Prentice and Miller 1992) .

Bugu da ƙari, ga waɗannan tambayoyin kimiyya, kwanaki kadan bayan da aka buga wannan takarda a cikin Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya na kasa , akwai babbar murya daga masu bincike da kuma manema labaru (zan bayyana gardama a wannan muhawara a cikin cikakken bayani cikin babi na 6 ). Matsalolin da aka kawo a cikin wannan muhawara sun sa jaridar ta buga wani "maganganun damuwar" game da ka'idojin da tsarin nazari na bincike game da bincike (Verma 2014) .

Idan aka ba wannan labarin game da Confuion na Motsa jiki, Ina so in nuna cewa uku R na iya bayar da shawara gamsu, ingantaccen aikin ingantaccen nazarin (duk abin da za ka iya tunani game da ka'idoji na wannan gwaji). R na farko R maye gurbin : masu bincike ya kamata su nemi maye gurbin gwaje-gwaje tare da daɗaɗɗun dabarun dabaru, idan ya yiwu. Alal misali, maimakon gudanar da gwajin gwagwarmaya bazara, masu bincike sun iya amfani da gwaji na halitta . Kamar yadda aka bayyana a babi na 2, gwaje-gwaje na halitta sune yanayi inda wani abu ya faru a duniyar da ke kimanta nauyin maganin jiyya (misali, mai caca don yanke shawara wanda za a shiga cikin soja). Hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi na gwaji na halitta shine cewa mai bincike bai da shi don ya warkar da cututtuka: yanayin yana yin hakan a gare ku. Alal misali, kusan sau ɗaya tare da gwajin Emotional Contagion, Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) suna amfani da abin da za a kira shi gwajin gwaji na Contagion. Coviello da abokan aiki sun gano cewa mutane suna ƙara kalmomin da ba su da kyau kuma kadan kalmomi masu kyau a kwanakin da ake ruwa. Saboda haka, ta hanyar amfani da canjin yanayi a cikin yanayi, sun iya nazarin tasirin canje-canje a cikin News Feed ba tare da buƙatar shiga tsakani ba. Kamar dai yanayin yana gudana gwajin su a gare su. Ƙarin bayanai game da hanyar su ne mai rikitarwa, amma mafi muhimmanci mahimmancin manufarmu a nan shi ne, ta hanyar yin amfani da gwaji na halitta, Coviello da abokan aiki sun iya koyi game da yada motsin zuciyarmu ba tare da buƙatar gudanar da gwajin kansu ba.

Na biyu na uku Rs ya tsaftace : masu bincike zasu nemi su tsaftace magunguna don su zama marasa lahani kamar yadda zai yiwu. Alal misali, maimakon hana abubuwan da ke da kyau ko korau, masu bincike sun iya bunkasa abubuwan da ke da kyau ko kuma mummunan aiki. Wannan zanewar da zai bunkasa zai canza abin da ke ciki na mahalarta labarai, amma zai magance ɗaya daga damuwa da cewa masu sukar sun nuna cewa: gwaje-gwajen na iya haifar da mahalarta bayanai a cikin News Feed. Tare da zane da Kramer yayi da abokan aiki, sakon da yake da mahimmanci shine mai yiwuwa an katange shi azaman wanda ba haka ba. Duk da haka, tare da samfurin bunkasa, saƙonnin da za a sauya su shine wadanda basu da mahimmanci.

A ƙarshe, na uku R ya rage : masu bincike sunyi ƙoƙari su rage yawan mahalarta a gwajin su ga mafi ƙarancin da ake bukata don cimma burinsu na kimiyya. A cikin gwaje-gwajen analog, wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar halitta saboda yawan farashin masu haɓaka. Amma a cikin gwaje-gwaje na dijital, musamman wadanda ba tare da farashi masu tsada ba, masu bincike ba su fuskanci matsalolin farashi akan girman gwajin su, kuma wannan yana da damar haifar da gwaje-gwaje marasa mahimmanci.

Alal misali, Kramer da abokan aiki sun iya amfani da bayanan kulawa game da masu halartar su-irin su maganin sa-ido-kafin suyi aiki-don yin bincike sosai. Musamman musamman, maimakon kwatanta yawancin kalmomi masu mahimmanci a yanayin kulawa da kulawa, Kramer da abokan aiki zasu iya kwatanta canji a cikin daidaitattun kalmomi masu kyau tsakanin yanayin; wani tsarin da ake kira wani nau'i mai launi (adadi na 4.5) kuma wani lokaci ana kira bambancin bambancin-bambanci. Wato, ga kowane ɗan takara, masu bincike sun iya ƙirƙirar wani canjin canji (yanayin kulawa da bayanan \(-\) behavioral behavioral behavioral behavioral behavior) sannan kuma idan aka kwatanta yawan mahalarta mahalarta a yanayin kulawa da kulawa. Wannan tsari na bambanci-bambanci ya fi dacewa da ƙididdiga, wanda ke nufin cewa masu bincike zasu iya cimma daidaitattun ƙididdiga ta amfani da ƙananan samfurori.

Ba tare da raƙuman bayanai ba, yana da wuyar fahimtar yadda za a iya daidaita bambancin bambancin-bambancin da ke cikin wannan yanayin. Amma zamu iya kallo wasu gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi da suka dace. Deng et al. (2013) ruwaito cewa ta hanyar amfani da nau'i na bambancin bambancin-bambanci, sun sami damar rage yawan bambancin kimanin kimanin 50% a cikin gwaje-gwajen kan layi daban-daban; Sakamakon irin wannan sakamakon da Xie and Aurisset (2016) suka ruwaito. Wannan ragowar ragewar kashi 50% na nufin cewa masu bincike na motsi na Contagion sun iya iya yanke samfurin su cikin rabi idan sun yi amfani da hanyar bincike daban-daban. A wasu kalmomi, tare da sauya canji a cikin binciken, mutane 350,000 zasu iya hana shiga cikin gwajin.

A wannan lokaci, zakuyi mamakin dalilin da yasa masu bincike zasu kula idan mutane 350,000 suke cikin Conversion Emotional ba dole ba. Akwai siffofi guda biyu na Contagion na Motsa da ke sa damuwa tare da girman girman da ya kamata, kuma waɗannan shafuka suna raba su ta hanyoyi masu yawa na gwajin dijital: (1) akwai rashin tabbas game da ko gwaji zai haifar da cutar ga akalla wasu mahalarta da (2) shiga ba da son rai ba. Yana da kyau a gwada ƙoƙari na ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen da ke da waɗannan siffofin kaɗan kamar yadda ya yiwu.

Don zama a fili, sha'awar rage girman gwajin ku ba yana nufin cewa kada kuyi kokarin manyan gwaje-gwaje masu tsada ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa gwajin ku bai kamata ya zama babba fiye da yadda kuke buƙatar cimma burin ku na kimiyya ba. Wata hanya mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa gwaji yana dacewa sosai shine gudanar da bincike na wutar lantarki (Cohen 1988) . A cikin lokacin analog, masu bincike sun yi nazarin ikon su don tabbatar da cewa bincikensu bai yi yawa ba (watau, a karkashin ikon). Yanzu, duk da haka, masu bincike ya kamata su yi bincike akan ikon tabbatar da cewa binciken su bai yi girma ba (watau, a kan ƙarfin).

A ƙarshe, sau uku na maye gurbin, tsaftacewa, da ragewa-samar da ka'idodin da zasu iya taimakawa masu bincike suyi haɓaka cikin ka'idojin gwaji. Tabbas, kowane daga cikin waɗannan canje-canjen da zai yiwu zuwa Contagion na Motsa yana gabatar da tallace-tallace. Alal misali, shaidar daga gwaje-gwaje na halitta ba koyaushe ne mai tsabta kamar yadda daga gwaje-gwajen da bazuwar ba, da kuma bunkasa abun ciki zai kasance da wuya a aiwatar da shi fiye da rufe abun ciki. Don haka, manufar bayar da shawarar cewa waɗannan canje-canje ba su zama na biyu da shawarar wasu masu bincike ba. Maimakon haka, ya nuna yadda za a iya amfani da R ta uku a cikin halin da ake ciki. A gaskiya ma, batun cinikayya yana tasowa a duk lokacin da ake gudanar da bincike, kuma a cikin shekarun dijital, waɗannan ƙananan kasuwancin za su kara haɓaka ka'idodi. Daga baya, a cikin babi na 6, zan ba da wasu ka'idodin da tsarin zamantakewa waɗanda zasu iya taimaka masu bincike su fahimta da kuma tattauna wadannan cinikayya.