4.4.2 Heterogeneity magani effects

Gwaje-gwaje sukan auna yawan tasiri, amma sakamakon bazai sabawa kowa ba.

Hanya na biyu don motsawa fiye da gwaje-gwaje masu sauƙi shine bambancin yanayin maganin . Gwajin Schultz et al. (2007) nuna yadda yadda wannan magani zai iya tasiri daban-daban ga nau'o'in mutane (siffa 4.4). A cikin yawancin nazarin analogues, duk da haka, masu bincike sun mayar da hankalinsu ga yawan maganin magani saboda akwai ƙananan mahalarta kuma kadan ya san su. A cikin gwaje-gwaje na dijital, duk da haka, akwai yawancin masu mahalarta da yawa kuma ana san su game da su. A cikin wannan bambance-bambance daban-daban, masu bincike waɗanda ke ci gaba da kiyasta ƙananan maganin magani zasu rasa hanyar da kimantawa game da bambancin yanayin maganin zai iya bayar da alamu game da yadda magani yake aiki, ta yaya za a inganta, da kuma yadda za a yi niyya ga wadanda mafi kusantar amfani.

Misalan misalai guda biyu na nau'o'in maganin cutar sun fito ne daga ƙarin bincike akan Rahoton Tsaro na Home. Na farko, Allcott (2011) yi amfani da ƙananan samfurin (ƙananan gidaje 600,000) don kara raba samfurin kuma ya kimanta tasirin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Home ta hanyar decile na amfani da makamashi na farko. Duk da yake Schultz et al. (2007) sami bambance-bambance tsakanin masu amfani da masu amfani da haske, Allcott (2011) gano cewa akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin ƙungiyar masu amfani da nauyi da haske. Alal misali, masu amfani masu amfani (waɗanda ke cikin saman decile) sun rage yawan makamashin su sau biyu kamar yadda wani ya kasance a tsakiyar ƙungiyar mai amfani mai nauyi (adadi 4.8). Bugu da ari, kimantawa da tasiri ta hanyar haɓakar da aka rigaya ta kuma nuna cewa babu wani sakamako na boomerang, har ma ga masu amfani da mafi sauki (adadi 4.8).

Figure 4.8: Hanyoyin cutar magani a Allcott (2011) . Rage a amfani da makamashi ya bambanta ga mutane a cikin daban-daban deciles na baseline amfani. An sauya daga Allcott (2011) , adadi 8.

A cikin wani binciken da aka yi, Costa and Kahn (2013) yi imanin cewa tasirin Ma'aikatar Tsaro na Home na iya bambanta dangane da ilimin siyasa na dan takarar kuma cewa wannan magani zai iya haifar da mutane da wasu akidu don ƙara amfani da su. A wasu kalmomi, sun yi zaton cewa Home Energy Rahotanni na iya haifar da sakamako na boomerang ga wasu mutane. Don tantance wannan yiwuwar, Costa da Kahn sun haɗu da bayanai na Opower tare da sayan da aka samo daga wani rukuni na uku wanda ya hada da bayanai kamar rajista na jam'iyyun siyasa, kyaututtuka ga kungiyoyi masu muhalli, da kuma haɗin gida a cikin shirye-shirye na makamashi. Tare da wannan tarihin da ya dace, Costa da Kahn sun gano cewa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsaro na Home ta samar da irin wannan sakamako ga masu halartar akidu daban-daban; babu wani shaida da cewa wata kungiya ta nuna nau'in boomerang (adadi 4.9).

Figure 4.9: Maganin maganin jiyya a Costa and Kahn (2013) . Sakamakon gwajin likita na kowane samfurin shine -2.1% [-1.5%, -2.7%]. Bayan hada bayanai daga gwaji tare da bayani game da gidaje, Costa and Kahn (2013) sunyi amfani da jerin jerin samfurin lissafi don kimanta sakamakon maganin mutane na musamman. An gabatar da kujji biyu ga kowane rukuni saboda kiyasta sun dogara ne akan lambobin da suka hada da su a cikin jerin su na lissafi (duba misali 4 da 6 a cikin tebur 3 da 4 a Costa and Kahn (2013) ). Kamar yadda wannan misali ya nuna, maganin magani zai iya zama daban-daban ga mutane daban-daban da kuma kimantawar sakamakon maganin da ke fitowa daga samfurin lissafi na iya dogara da bayanan waɗannan misalai (Grimmer, Messing, and Westwood 2014) . An sauke daga Costa and Kahn (2013) , tebur 3 da 4.

Kamar yadda misalai biyu suka nuna, a cikin shekarun dijital, za mu iya motsawa daga kiyasta yawan maganin jiyya don kiyasta bambancin yanayin ilimin maganin saboda muna iya samun mahalarta masu yawa kuma mun san game da waɗannan mahalarta. Koyo game da bambancin yanayi na maganin zai iya taimakawa wajen yin magani a inda yake da mafi tasiri, samar da abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen inganta sabon ka'idar, da kuma bayar da alamun game da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da shi, batun da na juya yanzu.