2.5 Kammalawa
Babban mashigan bayanai suna ko'ina, amma amfani dasu don bincike na zamantakewar jama'a na iya zama tricky. A cikin kwarewa, akwai wani abu kamar "rashin kyauta kyauta" domin bayanai: idan ba ka saka aiki mai yawa ba tare da tattara shi, to tabbas za ka kasance a cikin aiki da yawa game da shi kuma bincika shi.
Babban tushen bayanai na yau-kuma wataƙila gobe-za su kasance suna da siffofi 10. Sau uku daga cikin waɗannan su ne (amma ba koyaushe) suna taimakawa wajen bincike: babba, sau da yawa, kuma ba tare da komai ba. Bakwai su ne (amma ba koyaushe) matsala ga bincike: ba cikakke ba, maras tabbas, nonrepresentative, drifting, algorithmically kunya, datti, da kuma m. Yawancin waɗannan halaye sun fara samuwa saboda babban jigon bayanan ba'a halicce su ba don manufar bincike na zamantakewa.
Bisa ga ra'ayoyin da ke cikin wannan babi, ina tsammanin akwai hanyoyi guda uku waɗanda manyan asusun bayanai zasu zama mafi muhimmanci ga bincike na zamantakewa. Na farko, za su iya taimaka wa masu bincike su yanke shawarar tsakanin tsalle-tsalle. Misalan irin wannan aikin sun haɗa da Farber (2015) (direbobi na Taxi na New York) da kuma King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) (zane-zane a kasar Sin). Na biyu, manyan bayanan bayanan bayanai zasu iya taimakawa wajen inganta ingantattun manufofi ta hanyar bazawa. Misali irin wannan aikin shine Ginsberg et al. (2009) (Google Flu Trends). A ƙarshe, manyan bayanan bayanan na iya taimakawa masu bincike suyi ƙididdigar ƙira ba tare da gwaje-gwaje masu gudana ba. Misalan irin wannan aiki shine Mas and Moretti (2009) (ƙwaƙwalwa a kan yawan aiki) da kuma Einav et al. (2015) (sakamako na fara farashin a kan auctions a eBay). Dukkanin waɗannan hanyoyin, duk da haka, yana da bukatar masu bincike su kawo mai yawa ga bayanai, kamar ma'anar yawancin da yake da mahimmanci don kimantawa ko ka'idoji guda biyu wadanda suke yin tsinkaya. Saboda haka, ina tsammanin hanya mafi kyau ta yin tunani game da abin da manyan masanan bayanai ke iya yi shi ne cewa zasu iya taimaka wa masu bincike waɗanda zasu iya yin tambayoyi mai ban sha'awa da mahimmanci.
Kafin in gama, ina tsammanin cewa yana da daraja a la'akari da cewa manyan masanafofin bayanai na da muhimmiyar tasiri akan dangantakar dake tsakanin bayanai da ka'idar. Ya zuwa yanzu, wannan babi ya ɗauki tsarin kula da bincike na ka'idar. Amma manyan bayanan bayanan sun ba da damar masu bincike suyi yunkurin karfafawa . Wato, ta hanyar haɗuwa da gaskiyar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa, alamu, da haɗari, masu bincike na iya gina sabon tunanin. Wannan madaidaiciya, ka'idodin bayanai na farko da ka'idodin ka'idar ba sabon abu bane, Barney Glaser da Anselm Strauss (1967) sunyi magana da karfi da kiran su ga ka'idar da aka kafa . Wannan ƙaddamarwar bayanai ta farko, duk da haka, ba ya nufin "ƙarshen ka'idar," kamar yadda aka yi a wasu ayyukan jarida game da bincike a cikin shekarun zamani (Anderson 2008) . Maimakon haka, yayin da yanayin muhalli ya canza, ya kamata mu yi tsammanin sake yin sulhu a cikin dangantaka tsakanin bayanai da ka'idar. A cikin duniyar da tarin bayanai ke da tsada, yana da mahimmanci don tara kawai bayanan da abubuwan da ra'ayoyin suke tsammani zai zama mafi amfani. Amma, a cikin duniya inda yawancin bayanai ke samuwa kyauta, yana da mahimmanci kuma kokarin gwadawa ta farko (Goldberg 2015) .
Kamar yadda na nuna a cikin wannan babi, masu bincike na iya koyawa da yawa ta kallon mutane. A cikin surori uku na gaba, zan bayyana yadda zamu iya koyi abubuwa da yawa idan muka kirkiro tattara bayanai da hulɗa da mutane ta hanyar tambayar su tambayoyi (babi na 3), gwaje-gwaje masu gudana (babi na 4), har ma sun haɗa su a cikin aikin bincike kai tsaye (babi na 5).
