2.3.4 Ba a cika ba
Ko da yaya girman babban bayanai naka, watakila ba shi da bayanin da kake so.
Yawancin manyan kafofin watsa bayanai ba su cika ba , a ma'anar cewa ba su da bayanin da za ku so don bincikenku. Wannan lamari ne na kowa wanda aka halitta don dalilai banda bincike. Yawancin masana kimiyya na zamantakewar al'umma sun riga sun sami kwarewa game da magance rashin cikakku, kamar binciken da ya kasance wanda bai yi tambaya ba. Abin takaici, matsalolin rashin cikawa sun kasance mafi matsanancin matsanancin bayanai. A cikin kwarewa, manyan bayanai suna nuna cewa sun rasa abubuwa uku da ke da amfani ga bincike na zamantakewa: bayanin gari game da mahalarta, halayya a kan wasu dandamali, da kuma bayanai don aiwatar da ƙaddarar dabaru.
Daga cikin nau'o'in nau'i uku, matsala na cikakkun bayanai don gudanar da aikin ƙwarewa shine mafi wuya a warware. Kuma a cikin kwarewa, sau da yawa ba zato ba tsammani. Abin takaici, ƙaddarar ra'ayoyin ra'ayi ne na ra'ayoyin da masana kimiyyar zamantakewa ke nazari da kuma aiwatar da tsarin bincike wanda ke nufin samar da wasu hanyoyin da za a kama wannan ginin tare da bayanan lura. Abin baƙin ciki, wannan tsari mai sauki sau da yawa yana nuna wuya. Alal misali, bari mu yi tunanin ƙoƙarin jarrabawar da'awar da'awar cewa mutanen da suka fi hankali su sami ƙarin kuɗi. Domin gwada wannan da'awar, za ku buƙaci auna "hankali." Amma menene hankali? Gardner (2011) yayi jayayya cewa akwai nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na takwas na hankali. Kuma akwai hanyoyin da za su iya daidaita kowane irin waɗannan hanyoyi? Duk da yawan ayyukan da masana kimiyya suka yi, waɗannan tambayoyin basu da tabbatattun amsoshi.
Sabili da haka, har ma da'awar da aka sauƙaƙe-mutanen da suka fi samun basira su sami karin kudi - na iya zama da wuya a tantance ƙwaƙwalwa saboda yana da wuya a aiwatar da ƙaddarar bayanai a cikin bayanai. Sauran misalai na msar tambayar gina da suke da muhimmanci, amma da wuya a operationalize hada da "norms," "social babban birnin kasar," da kuma "dimokuradiyya." Social masana kimiyya kira da wasa tsakanin msar tambayar gina da kuma data gina tushe (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Kamar yadda wannan taƙaitaccen jerin abubuwan da aka tsara ya nuna, gina ingantacciyar matsala ce da masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sunyi kokari tare da na dogon lokaci. Amma a cikin kwarewa, matsalolin gina haɓaka sun fi girma yayin aiki tare da bayanan da ba a halicce su ba don dalilai na bincike (Lazer 2015) .
Yayin da kake nazarin sakamakon bincike, hanya mai sauri da kuma amfani don tantance aikin gina shi shine ɗaukar sakamakon, wanda aka bayyana ta yadda za'a gina shi, kuma sake bayyana shi dangane da bayanan da aka yi amfani dashi. Alal misali, la'akari da bincike biyu da suke da'awar cewa suna nuna cewa mutanen da suka fi hankali su sami ƙarin kuɗi. A cikin binciken farko, mai binciken ya gano cewa mutanen da suka yi nasara a kan Raven Progressive Matrices Test - binciken gwaji na masana kimiyya (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) - mafi girma da aka ba da rahotanni sakamakon samun kudin shiga. A cikin binciken na biyu, mai bincike ya gano cewa mutane a kan Twitter wadanda suke amfani da kalmomi da yawa zasu fi dacewa da alamar martaba. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, waɗannan masu bincike zasu iya cewa sun nuna cewa mutanen da suka fi hankali su sami karin kuɗi. Duk da haka, a cikin binciken na farko da bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a hankali sunyi aiki da kyau, yayin da na biyu basu kasance ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda wannan misali ya nuna, ƙarin bayanai ba ta magance matsaloli ta atomatik tare da ingantaccen aiki. Ya kamata ka yi shakkar sakamakon binciken na biyu ko ya shafi tweets miliyan, tweets biliyan, ko tudun tamanin. Don masu bincike basu san da ra'ayin gina kullun ba, tebur na 2.2 yana ba da wasu misalai na binciken da suka yi amfani da ƙididdiga masu amfani ta hanyar amfani da bayanan dijital.
| Madogarar bayanai | Rubutun abubuwa | Karin bayani |
|---|---|---|
| Jerin imel daga jami'a (meta-bayanai kawai) | Hulɗar dangantaka | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| Wakilin kafofin watsa labarai a kan Weibo | Haɗakar jama'a | Zhang (2016) |
| Lissafin imel daga wani m (bayanan bayanai da cikakkun rubutu) | Cultural fit a cikin wani kungiya | Srivastava et al. (2017) |
Kodayake matsala na cikakkun bayanai don yin amfani da ƙirar fasaha ba abu ne mai wuyar warwarewa ba, akwai maganganu na kowa da sauran nau'o'in rashin cikakkiyar nau'in: cikakkun bayanai na alƙaluma da cikakkun bayanai game da hali akan sauran dandamali. Matsalar farko ita ce tattara ainihin bayanin da kake bukata; Zan gaya muku game da wannan a babi na 3 lokacin da na gaya maka game da binciken. Abu na biyu mafi mahimmanci shi ne yin abin da masana kimiyya suka kira mai amfani da haɓakar mai amfani da kuma masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma suna kiran ƙididdiga . A wannan hanyar, masu bincike sunyi amfani da bayanin da suke da wasu mutane don halayewar halayen wasu mutane. Matsalar da ta dace ta uku ita ce hada hada bayanai masu yawa. Wannan tsari ana kira wani haɗin rikodin lokaci. Magana mafi kyau na wannan tsari shine Dunn (1946) a farkon sakin layi na farko da aka rubuta a kan rikodin rikodi:
"Kowane mutum a duniya ya ƙirƙiri Littafin Rai. Wannan Littafin ya fara ne tare da haihuwa kuma ya ƙare da mutuwa. Shafukansa suna da tarihin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa. Record rikodi shine sunan da ake ba wa tsarin tattara tsarin shafukan wannan littafi.
Lokacin da Dunn ya rubuta wannan nassi yana tunanin cewa littafin Life zai iya hada manyan abubuwan rayuwa kamar haihuwa, aure, kisan aure, da mutuwa. Duk da haka, yanzu da an rubuta cikakken bayanin game da mutane, Littafin Life zai iya zama hoto mai zurfi, idan waɗannan shafuka daban-daban (watau maƙallanmu) za a iya ɗaure su tare. Wannan Littafin Rai zai iya zama babbar hanya ga masu bincike. Amma, ana iya kiran shi asusun lalacewa (Ohm 2010) , wanda za'a iya amfani dasu ga kowane irin dalilai marasa tunani, kamar yadda zan bayyana a babi na 6 (Ethics).
