2.3.2 Kullum-kan
Koyaushe-on babban data sa nazarin m abubuwan da real-lokaci ji.
Mutane da yawa babban data tsarin ne ko da yaushe-on. suna kullum tattara bayanai. Wannan ko da yaushe-on halayyar bayar da masu bincike da a tsaye data (ie, data a kan lokaci). Da yake ko da yaushe-on biyu da muhimmanci abubuwan da gudanar da bincike.
Na farko, koyaushe-kan tattara bayanai yana sa masu bincike suyi nazarin abubuwan da ba su faru ba a hanyar da ba zai yiwu ba. Alal misali, masu binciken da suke sha'awar nazarin zanga-zangar da aka yi a Turkiyya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2013 za su mayar da hankali ga halin masu zanga-zangar a yayin taron. Ceren Budak da Duncan Watts (2015) sun iya yin karin ta hanyar yin amfani da Twitter don yin nazarin masu zanga-zanga da suka yi amfani da Twitter kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan taron. Kuma, sun sami damar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan taron (siffar 2.2). A} alla,} ungiyar su na farko sun ha] a da tweets na mutane 30,000 fiye da shekaru biyu. Ta hanyar ƙara yawan bayanan da aka yi amfani da shi daga zanga-zanga tare da wannan bayanan, Budak da Watts sun iya koyon abubuwa da yawa: sun iya kimanta irin nau'in mutane zasu iya shiga cikin zanga-zangar Gezi da kuma kimanta canje-canje a cikin halaye na mahalarta da wadanda ba na halarta ba, a cikin gajeren lokaci (kwatanta pre-Gezi zuwa Gezi) da kuma dogon lokaci (kwatanta pre-Gezi tare da post-Gezi).
Hoto na 2.2: Zane da Budak and Watts (2015) su don nazarin zanga-zangar Gezi a Turkiyya a lokacin rani na 2013. Ta hanyar amfani da Twitter na yau da kullum, masu bincike suka sanya abin da suka kira wani sashi na farko wanda ya hada da 30,000 mutane fiye da shekaru biyu. Ya bambanta da binciken da aka saba da shi game da mahalarta a lokacin zanga-zangar, ɗakin da ya gabata ya ƙara 1) bayanai daga mahalarta kafin da bayan abubuwan da suka faru da kuma 2) bayanai daga wadanda basu halarta ba, lokacin, da kuma bayan taron. Wannan tsari na wadataccen tsarin ya ba Budak da watts Watts damar kwatanta irin mutanen da zasu iya shiga cikin zanga-zangar Gezi da kuma kwatanta canje-canje a halaye na mahalarta da wadanda basu halarta ba, a cikin gajeren lokaci (kwatanta pre-Gezi tare da Gezi ) kuma a cikin dogon lokaci (kwatanta pre-Gezi tare da post-Gezi).
Wata shakka za ta iya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙididdiga na iya kasancewa ba tare da sau da yawa-a kan masu samo bayanai (misali, kimantaccen lokaci na sauye-sauyen hali), kuma wannan daidai ne, ko da yake irin wannan tattara bayanai ga mutane 30,000 sun kasance quite tsada. Ko da an ba da kasafin kuɗi marar iyaka, duk da haka, ba zan iya tunanin wata hanyar da ta ba da damar masu bincike su koma baya a lokaci da kuma kai tsaye ga halaye a cikin mahalarta a baya. Mafi mahimmanci mafi mahimmanci shi ne tattara rahotannin halin da ake ciki, amma waɗannan rahotanni za su kasance masu iyakancewa da daidaituwa. Tebur 2.1 ya ba da wasu misalan nazarin da ke amfani da bayanan bayanan lokaci don nazarin wani abin da ba a sani ba.
| Abinda ba tsammani ba | Mahimman bayanai a duk lokacin da | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Jirgin Gezi a Turkiyya | Budak and Watts (2015) | |
| Zanga zanga a Hong Kong | Zhang (2016) | |
| Shootings 'yan sanda a Birnin New York | Rahotanni na dakatarwa-da-frisk | Legewie (2016) |
| Mutumin ya shiga Ísis | Magdy, Darwish, and Weber (2016) | |
| Satumba 11, 2001 kai hari | livejournal.com | Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) |
| Satumba 11, 2001 kai hari | saƙonnin saƙo | Back, Küfner, and Egloff (2010) , Pury (2011) , Back, Küfner, and Egloff (2011) |
Bugu da ƙari, nazarin abubuwan da ba zato ba tsammani, lokuta masu yawa na tsarin bayanai suna ba da damar masu bincike su samar da kimantaccen lokaci, wanda zai iya zama mahimmanci a tsarin inda masu tsara manufofi-a cikin gwamnati ko masana'antu-suna so su amsa bisa la'akari da halin da ake ciki. Alal misali, ana iya amfani da bayanan kafofin watsa labaru don jagorantar gaggawar gaggawa ga bala'o'i na halitta (Castillo 2016) da kuma manyan nau'o'in manyan bayanan bayanan da za a iya amfani dasu don samar da kimanin lokaci na tattalin arziki (Choi and Varian 2012) .
A ƙarshe, yin amfani da bayanai kan lokaci don taimakawa masu binciken suyi nazarin abubuwan da ba su faru ba kuma su samar da bayanan lokaci ga masu tsara manufofi. Ba na, duk da haka, ina tunanin cewa tsarin yanar-gizon kullum suna da dacewa don sauyewar sauƙi a tsawon lokaci. Wannan kuwa saboda yawancin tsarin bayanai masu yawa sun canza sau da yawa-hanyar da zan kira drift daga baya a cikin babi na (sashi na 2.3.7).
