6.4.4 Mutunta Attaura da Public Interest

Mutunta Attaura da Public Interest kara da manufa na karimci bayan takamaiman bincike mahalarta su sun hada da duk masu ruwa da tsaki dacewa.

Shari na hudu da na ƙarshe wanda zai iya jagorantar tunaninka shine Mutunta Shari'a da Harkokin Jama'a. Wannan ka'ida ta fito ne daga rahoton Menlo, sabili da haka ƙila ya zama sananne ga masu bincike na zamantakewa. Rahoton Menlo ya yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar girmama Dokar da Sha'anin Jama'a ta kasance a cikin tsarin Mai Aminci, amma kuma yana jaddada cewa tsohon ya cancanta a yi la'akari. Musamman, yayin da Amfani ya dage mayar da hankali ga masu halartar, Ƙa'idar Dokar da Sha'anin Jama'a ta bayyane yake ƙarfafa masu bincike su dauki ra'ayi mai zurfi kuma su hada da doka cikin la'akari.

A cikin Menlo Report, Mutunta Dokar da Sha'anin Jama'a yana da abubuwa biyu masu rarraba: (1) biyan kuɗi da (2) tabbatar da gaskiyar gaskiya. Ƙarfafawa na nufin cewa masu bincike suyi ƙoƙari su gane da bin dokokin da suka dace, kwangila, da kuma ka'idodin sabis. Alal misali, biyan kuɗi yana nufin cewa mai bincike yayi la'akari da abubuwan da ke cikin shafin yanar gizon ya kamata ya karanta kuma la'akari da yarjejeniyar sharuɗɗa na shafin yanar gizon. Akwai yiwuwar zama yanayi inda ya halatta ya karya ka'idodin sabis; Ka tuna, Mutunta Dokar da Shawarar Jama'a yana daya daga cikin ka'idodi hudu. Misali, a wani lokaci, duka biyu Verizon da AT & T suna da ka'idodin sabis waɗanda suka hana abokan ciniki daga sukar su (Vaccaro et al. 2015) . Ba na tsammanin masu bincike ba za a daura su ta atomatik ba ta waɗannan yarjejeniyar da aka yi amfani da su. Tabbas, idan masu bincike sun karya alkawurran sharuɗɗa, sun kamata su bayyana yanke shawara a fili (duba misali, Soeller et al. (2016) ), kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar tabbatar da gaskiya. Amma wannan farfadowa na iya bayyana masu bincike don kara haɗarin haɗari na doka; a Amurka, alal misali, Dokar Kasafi da Abuse na Kwamfuta na iya sa shi ba bisa ka'ida ba don karya yarjejeniyar sharuɗa (Sandvig and Karahalios 2016; ??? ) . A wannan taƙaitaccen bayani ya nuna, ciki harda bin ka'idodin zane-zane na iya haifar da tambayoyi masu wuya.

Bugu da ƙari, biyan bukatun, Sabunta Dokar da Sha'anin Jama'a yana ƙarfafa tabbatar da gaskiyar gaskiya , wanda ke nufin cewa masu bincike su kasance a fili game da manufofinsu, hanyoyi, da kuma sakamako a duk matakai na bincike da kuma daukar alhakin ayyukansu. Wata hanyar da za ta yi tunani game da gaskiyar lamarin gaskiya shi ne cewa yana ƙoƙarin hana al'umma bincike daga yin abubuwa a ɓoye. Wannan alhakin tabbatar da gaskiya ta gaskiya yana iya taimakawa jama'a wajen yin muhawarar al'ada, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga dalilai na al'ada da kuma dalilan.

Yin amfani da ka'idodin girmama Dokar da Sha'anin Jama'a ga waɗannan darussa uku da aka yi la'akari da su a nan ya kwatanta wasu daga cikin masu bincike da ke da rikitarwa da suka fuskanci doka. Alal misali, Grimmelmann (2015) ya yi jayayya cewa Emotional Contagion na iya yin doka a Jihar Maryland. Musamman, Maryland House Bill 917, ya wuce a shekara ta 2002, ya shimfiɗa tsare-tsaren Kasuwanci a dukkanin bincike da aka gudanar a Maryland, mai zaman kansa daga tushen kudade (masana da dama sunyi imanin cewa Emotional Contagion bai kasance ƙarƙashin Dokar Kasuwanci ba bisa Dokar Tarayya saboda an gudanar da ita a Facebook , wani ma'aikata wanda ba ya karɓar kudaden bincike daga Gwamnatin Amirka). Duk da haka, wasu malaman sunyi imanin cewa Maryland House Bill 917 ba shi da ka'ida ba (Grimmelmann 2015, 237–38) . Gudanar da masu bincike na zamantakewa ba hukunci ba ne, sabili da haka ba a samar da su don fahimta da kuma tantance tsarin dokokin dokokin dukkanin jihohin Amurka 50. Wadannan abubuwan da ke tattare da su a cikin ayyukan duniya. Har ila yau, alal misali, masu halartar mahalarta daga kasashe 170, wanda ya sa doka ta sha wuya sosai. Dangane da yanayin da ba'a sanarwa ba, masu bincike zasu iya amfana daga nazarin ka'idodin na wasu na aikin su, dukansu a matsayin tushen shawara game da ka'idodin doka da kuma kariya ta mutum idan dai binciken su ba bisa doka ba ne.

A wani ɓangare kuma, dukkanin binciken uku sun buga abubuwan da suka samo a cikin mujallolin kimiyya, suna ba da tabbacin gaskiya. A gaskiya, an wallafa wallafe-wallafe na motsa jiki a hanyar bude hanya, don haka an sanar da al'ummar bincike da kuma jama'a mafi girma-bayan gaskiya - game da zane da sakamakon binciken. Wata hanya mai sauri da ta hanyar yin la'akari da alhakin gaskiyar gaskiya ita ce ka tambayi kanka: Shin zan iya jin dadin idan an rubuta matakan bincike a kan shafin na jaridar garin na gida? Idan amsar ba a'a ba, to wannan alama ce cewa zabin bincike na iya buƙatar canje-canje.

A ƙarshe, rahoton Belmont Report da Menlo ya ba da shawara hudu ka'idodin da za a iya amfani dasu don tantance bincike: Mutunta Mutum, Aminci, Adalci, da Mutunta Dokar da Sha'anin Jama'a. Yin amfani da waɗannan ka'idodin guda hudu a aikace ba koyaushe ba ne, kuma yana iya buƙatar daidaitarwa. Alal misali, game da yanke shawara ko masu mahawarar daga Contagion na Motsa jiki, ana iya la'akari da cewa Mutunta Mutum na iya karfafa ƙwararraki, yayin da Amfani ya hana shi (idan ƙaddamarwa zai iya cutar kansa). Babu wata hanya ta atomatik da za ta daidaita waɗannan ka'idoji, amma ka'idodin guda huɗu suna taimakawa wajen bayyana cinikayya, bayar da shawarar canje-canje ga zane-zane, da kuma taimaka wa masu bincike su bayyana ra'ayinsu ga juna da jama'a.