6.5 Biyu da'a frameworks

Mai muhawara game da bincike xa'a rage zuwa sabani tsakanin consequentialism da deontology.

Wadannan hudu da'a ka'idodinta Mutunta Mutane, Karimci, Justice, kuma Mutunta Attaura da Jama'a Interest sũne sun fi mayar samu daga biyu mafi m da'a frameworks: consequentialism da deontology. Ƙarin fahimtar waɗannan shafukan yanar gizo yana da taimako saboda zai taimaka maka ganewa sa'annan dalili game da ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da suka fi dacewa a cikin bin ka'idodin bincike: yin amfani da hanyar rashin fahimta wajen cimma daidaitattun dabi'a.

Sha'anin kwarewa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin aikin Jeremy Bentham da John Stuart Mill, sun mai da hankalin yin ayyukan da ke haifar da jihohi a duniya (Sinnott-Armstrong 2014) . Shaidar Beneficence, wanda ke mayar da hankali ga daidaitattun haɗari da kuma amfani, yana da tushe sosai a tunanin tunani. A gefe guda kuma, ilimin halitta, wanda ya samo asali a aikin Immanuel Kant, ya maida hankalin al'amuran al'ada, ba tare da sakamakon su ba (Alexander and Moore 2015) . Manufar Mutunta Mutum, wadda ke mayar da hankali akan haɓaka 'yan halartar, tana da zurfin tushe a tunanin tunani. Hanyar da take da sauri da fahimtar hanyar da za a iya rarrabe siffofin biyu shine cewa masu binciken da ke tattare da mahimmanci suna mayar da hankali ga ma'ana da masu dacewa suna mayar da hankali akan iyakar .

Don ganin yadda waɗannan siffofi biyu suke aiki, la'akari da izini mai duniyar. Za'a iya amfani da su biyu don tallafawa yarda, amma don dalilai daban-daban. Shawarar da ta dace don amincewa da sanarwar shine cewa yana taimakawa wajen hana cutar ga mahalarta ta hanyar hana bincike wanda bai dace da haɗarin da ake tsammani ba. A wasu kalmomi, tunani mai dacewa zai goyi bayan sanarwar bayanan saboda yana taimaka wajen hana mummunan sakamako ga mahalarta. Duk da haka, wata hujja ta gardama ta hanyar yarda da izini ta mayar da hankali ga aikin mai bincike don girmama mutuncin mahalarta. Idan aka ba da waɗannan hanyoyi, mai tsabta mai tsabta zai iya yarda da ƙyale abin da ake buƙata don samun izini a cikin wuri inda babu wata hadari, yayin da mai tsabta mai tsabta ba zai yiwu ba.

Dukkanin ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da layi suna ba da basira mai kyau, amma kowannensu zai iya kaiwa ga matsananciyar hanzari. Don sharudda, daya daga cikin waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin za a iya kira Transplant . Ka yi tunanin likita wanda ke da marasa lafiya biyar da ke mutuwa daga rashin nasarar jiki kuma mutum mai lafiya mai lafiya wanda gabobinsa zasu iya ajiye duk biyar. A wasu sharuɗɗa, likitan likita za a halatta - har ma da ake buƙata-kashe mutum mai lafiya don samun jikinsa. Wannan cikakkiyar mayar da hankali kan iyakar, ba tare da la'akari ba, ba daidai ba ce.

Hakazalika, za a iya ɗaukar labarun layi zuwa ga matsanancin matsala, irin su a yanayin da ake kira Bomb lokaci . Ka yi tunanin wani dan sanda wanda ya kama wani dan ta'adda wanda ya san inda ake sanya bomb din da zai kashe miliyoyin mutane. Wani jami'in 'yan sanda ba zai karya ba don ya yaudari' yan ta'adda don ya nuna mabarin bam. Wannan cikakkiyar mayar da hankali ga ma'anar, ba tare da la'akari da ƙare ba, har ma yana da kuskure.

A aikace, yawancin masu bincike na zamantakewa sun yarda da haɗuwa da waɗannan tsarin al'adu guda biyu. Ganin wannan haɗuwa da makarantun da ke taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa yawancin muhawarar da suka dace - wadanda suke da alaka da wadanda suka fi dacewa da wadanda suka fi dacewa-ba suyi nasara sosai ba. Masu ba da shawara sukan bayar da hujjoji game da jayayya na ƙarshe waɗanda basu da tabbas ga masu bincike, waɗanda suke damuwa game da ma'ana. Hakazalika, masu binciken labarun mahimmanci suna bayar da hujjoji game da ma'anar, waɗanda basu da tabbas ga masu cin nasara, wadanda suke mayar da hankali kan iyakar. Tambayoyi tsakanin masu adawa da masu bincike sun kasance kamar jiragen ruwa guda biyu da suke wucewa da dare.

Wata mafita ga wadannan muhawara zai kasance ga masu bincike na zamantakewar al'umma don samar da wani tsari mai kyau, mai tsabta, da sauƙi don yin amfani da ladabi da ladabi. Abin takaici, wannan ba zai yiwu ba; masana falsafa suna fama da wadannan matsaloli na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, masu bincike za su iya amfani da waɗannan ka'idodi guda biyu - da kuma ka'idodin guda hudu da suke nunawa-don yin la'akari da ƙalubalen dabi'a, rarraba kasuwancin, da kuma bayar da shawarar ingantawa ga zane-zane.