Abinda za a karanta a gaba

• Gabatarwa (sashe 6.1)

Harkokin bincike na al'ada ya haɗa da batutuwa irin su zamantakewar kimiyya da kuma kashin bashi. Ana tattauna waɗannan a cikin cikakkun bayanai a kan kasancewar Masanin Kimiyya ta Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (2009) .

Wannan batu yana da rinjaye da halin da ake ciki a Amurka. Don ƙarin bayani a kan hanyoyin duba ka'idoji a wasu ƙasashe, duba surori 6-9 na Desposato (2016b) . Domin hujja cewa ka'idodin ka'idojin halittu waɗanda suka shafi wannan babi sune Amurkawa sosai, duba Holm (1995) . Don ƙarin nazarin tarihi game da Ƙungiyoyi na Ƙungiyoyi na Ƙasar Amirka, ga Stark (2012) . Jaridar PS: Kimiyyar Siyasa da Siyasa ta gudanar da taron kolin kan batun dangantakar dake tsakanin masana kimiyyar siyasa da IRB; duba Martinez-Ebers (2016) don taƙaitaccen bayani.

Binciken Belmont da dokoki na gaba a Amurka suna nuna bambanci tsakanin bincike da aiki. Ban sanya wannan bambanci ba a cikin wannan babi saboda ina ganin ka'idodin ka'idojin da tsarin sharaɗi suna amfani da su duka biyu. Don ƙarin bayani game da wannan bambanci da matsalolin da ya gabatar, duba Beauchamp and Saghai (2012) , MN Meyer (2015) , boyd (2016) , da Metcalf and Crawford (2016) .

Don ƙarin bayani game da bincike kan Facebook, duba Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Don ra'ayoyi game da kula da bincike a kamfanonin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, duba Calo (2013) , Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) , da Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Game da yin amfani da bayanan wayar tafi da gidanka don taimakawa wajen magance cutar Ebola ta Ebola 2014 a yammacin Afrika (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) , don ƙarin bayani dangane da hadarin sirri na wayar salula, ga Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Ga misalai na binciken da suka shafi rikicin da suka shafi ta baya ta hanyar amfani da wayoyin salula, duba Bengtsson et al. (2011) da Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) , da kuma ƙarin bayani a kan binciken da ake fuskanta na rikicin, duba ( ??? ) .

• Misalai uku (sashe 6.2)

Mutane da yawa sun rubuta game da Conversion na Motsa jiki. Jaridar Journal Ethics ta zartas da dukkanin batutuwa a cikin Janairu 2016 don tattauna batun gwaji; dubi Hunter and Evans (2016) don dubawa. Kwamitin Nazarin Kimiyya na kasa ya wallafa guda biyu game da gwaji: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) da Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Sauran sassa game da gwajin sun hada da: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , MN Meyer (2015) , ( ??? ) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) , da kuma ( ??? ) .

• Lambar ta bambanta (sashe 6.3)

Dangane da kulawar taro, ana ba da cikakken bayani a cikin Mayer-Schönberger (2009) da kuma Marx (2016) . Don misali mai kyau game da sauye-sauye na yanayin kulawa, Bankston and Soltani (2013) kiyasta cewa biyan wanda ake zargi da laifi ta yin amfani da wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka kusan kimanin 50 ne mai rahusa fiye da yin amfani da kulawar jiki. Duba kuma Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz (2016) don tattaunawa game da kulawa a aikin. Bell and Gemmell (2009) samar da kyakkyawar hangen nesa akan kula da kai.

Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa mai iya biye da dabi'un ido wanda ke jama'a ko wani ɓangare na jama'a (misali, Tastes, Ties, and Time), masu bincike na iya ƙara yawan abubuwan da mutane da dama suka ɗauka suna zaman kansu. Alal misali, Michal Kosinski da abokan aiki (2013) sun nuna cewa zasu iya haifar da bayani game da mutane, irin su jima'i da kuma yin amfani da abubuwa masu nishaɗi, daga bayanan layi na digital dijital (Facebook Likes). Wannan yana iya yin sihiri, amma Kosinski da abokan aiki da suke amfani da su - wadanda suka haɗu da siffofin dijital, binciken, da kuma ilmantarwa na kula-shi ne ainihin abin da na riga na fada maka. Ka tuna cewa a babi na 3 (Tambayoyi). Na gaya muku yadda Joshua Blumenstock da abokan aiki (2015) hada bayanai da binciken tare da bayanan wayar hannu don kimanta talauci a Rwanda. Wannan daidai wannan tsarin, wadda za a iya amfani dashi don daidaita matakan talauci a cikin ƙasa mai tasowa, ana iya amfani dasu don yiwuwar sirri-cin zarafi.

Don ƙarin bayani game da yiwuwar yin amfani da shi na biyu na likita, duba O'Doherty et al. (2016) . Bugu da ƙari ga yiwuwar amfani da shi ba tare da dadewa ba, ƙirƙirar maɗaukakiyar bayanai mai kyau ba zai iya haifar da mummunan tasirin rayuwa da siyasa ba idan mutane basu yarda su karanta wasu abubuwa ba ko tattauna wasu batutuwa; duba Schauer (1978) da Penney (2016) .

A cikin yanayi tare da dokoki masu mahimmanci, mai bincike a wani lokacin yana shiga cikin "cinikin kasuwanci" (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Musamman, wasu masu bincike da suke so su guje wa kulawar IRB zasu iya zama abokan tarayya tare da masu bincike waɗanda IRB ba su rufe su ba (misali, mutane a kamfanonin ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu), kuma suna da abokan aiki su tattara da kuma gano bayanai. Bayan haka, mai bincike na IRB zai iya nazarin wannan bayanan da ba a kula da shi ba tare da kula da IRB ba saboda binciken ba a sake ganin "bincike-binciken mutum ba", a kalla bisa ga wasu fassarori na dokokin yanzu. Irin wannan farfadowa na IRB mai yiwuwa ba daidai ba ne da ka'idodin ka'idodin tsarin bincike.

A shekarar 2011, ƙoƙari ya fara sabunta Dokar Kasuwanci, kuma an kammala wannan tsari a 2017 ( ??? ) . Don ƙarin bayani a kan waɗannan ƙoƙarin sabunta Dokar Kasuwanci, duba Evans (2013) , National Research Council (2014) , Hudson and Collins (2015) , da Metcalf (2016) .

• Dokoki guda hudu (sashi na 6.4)

Mahimman ka'idodin ka'idodin ka'idodin halitta shine na Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Suna ba da shawara cewa ka'idodin guda huɗu sun kamata su jagoranci ka'idojin ilimin halitta: Mutunta Mutum, Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, Aminci, da Adalci. Ka'idar rashin daidaituwa ta bukaci mutum ya kauce wa cutar da wasu mutane. Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaka sosai da ra'ayin Hippocratic na "Kada ku cutar." A cikin ka'idodin bincike, an haɗa wannan ka'ida tare da ka'idoji Aminci, amma duba shafi na 5 na @ beauchamp_principles_2012 don karin bayani akan bambancin tsakanin su biyu. Domin sukar cewa waɗannan ka'idodin sune Amurkawa da yawa, duba Holm (1995) . Don ƙarin bayani game da daidaita lokacin da ka'idodi ke rikici, duba Gillon (2015) .

An tsara ka'idodin guda hudu a cikin wannan sura don jagorancin kulawa da kirki don bincike a kamfanoni da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) ta hanyar jikin da aka kira "Gidan Gidajen Kasuwanci" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Mutunta Mutum (sashe na 6.4.1)

Bugu da ƙari, game da mutunta haƙƙin kuɗi, rahoton Belmont ya yarda cewa ba kowane ɗan adam yana da ikon tabbatar da gaskiya ba. Alal misali, yara, mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya, ko mutanen da ke zaune a cikin yanayi na ƙuntataccen ƙuntatawa bazai iya yin aiki sosai ba, kuma waɗannan mutane suna da kariyar kariya.

Yin amfani da tsarin girmama Mutum a cikin shekarun dijital zai iya zama ƙalubale. Alal misali, a cikin bincike na dijital, zai iya zama da wuya a samar da ƙarin kariya ga mutanen da suka rage karfin ikon kansu saboda masu bincike sun san kadan game da mahalarta. Bugu da ari, sanarwar da aka ba da izini a cikin bincike na zamantakewa na zamani yana da babbar kalubale. A wasu lokuta, yardawar da aka ba da labari na gaskiya zai iya sha wahala daga nuna gaskiya (Nissenbaum 2011) , inda bayanai da fahimta suna rikici. Da wuya, idan masu bincike sun ba da cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin tattara bayanai, bincike da bayanai, da ayyukan tsaro na bayanai, zai zama da wuya ga mahalarta su fahimci. Amma idan masu bincike sun ba da cikakkiyar bayanai, bazai iya samun muhimman bayanai na fasaha ba. A cikin binciken likita a cikin analog-shekarun da aka yi la'akari da shi na Belmont Report - wanda zai iya tunanin likita yana magana da kowanne mutum tare da kowane ɗan takara don taimakawa wajen warware gaskiyar gaskiya. A cikin nazarin kan layi wanda ya shafi dubban mutane ko miliyoyin mutane, irin wannan fuska da fuska ba zai yiwu ba. Matsalar ta biyu tare da yarda a cikin shekarun dijital shine cewa a wasu nazari, irin su nazarin manyan wuraren ajiyar bayanai, ba zai yiwu ba don samun izini daga duk masu halartar. Na tattauna wadannan da wasu tambayoyi game da izini na izini dalla-dalla a sashi na 6.6.1. Duk da waɗannan matsalolin, duk da haka, ya kamata mu tuna cewa wannan sanarwar ba ta da muhimmanci ko kuma ya cancanci girmama Mutum.

Don ƙarin bayani game da bincike na likita kafin a sanar da ku izini, ga Miller (2014) . Don yin nazarin bayani na tsawon lokaci, duba Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Duba ma'anar da aka ba da shawarar game da sanarwar da ake bayarwa a ƙasa.

• Aminci (sashe na 6.4.2)

Harms zuwa mahallin shine halayen cewa bincike na iya haifar da kullun mutane amma ga saitunan zamantakewa. Wannan ra'ayi ne mai sauki, amma zan kwatanta da misalin misali: Nazarin Wuryita na Jakadanci (Vaughan 1967; Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 2) - wasu lokuta ana kiransa aikin Jury na Chicago (Cornwell 2010) . A cikin wannan binciken, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Chicago, a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazari da yawa game da al'amuran zamantakewa na tsarin shari'a, sunyi la'akari da binciken da aka yi a Wichita, Kansas. Alƙalai da masu lauya a lokuta sun amince da rikodin, kuma akwai cikakken kula da wannan tsari. Duk da haka, jurors ba su san cewa rikodi na faruwa ba. Da zarar an gano binciken, akwai fitina. Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta fara bincike game da binciken, kuma ana kiran masu bincike don yin shaida a gaban majalisar. A} arshe, Majalisa ta yanke dokar da ta sa doka ta ba da izinin yin rajistar juriya.

Abinda masu damun Wichita Jury suka yi ba damuwa ba ne ga masu halartar taron; a maimakon haka, shi ne hadarin da zai iya rikici ga batun jigilar shari'ar. Wato, mutane sunyi tunanin cewa idan mambobin kwamitin ba su yi imanin cewa suna tattaunawa a cikin wani wuri mai kariya da karewa ba, zai zama da wuya ga masu juriya da za su ci gaba a nan gaba. Baya ga shawarwari na juriya, akwai wasu takamaiman al'amuran zamantakewa da al'umma ke samarwa tare da ƙarin kariya, irin su dangantaka da lauya da abokin ciniki (MacCarthy 2015) .

Rashin haɗari ga mahallin da kuma rushewar tsarin zamantakewa yana tashi a wasu gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje a kimiyyar siyasa (Desposato 2016b) . Ga misali na ƙididdigar farashi mai mahimmanci na mahallin don nazarin gwaji a kimiyyar siyasa, duba Zimmerman (2016) .

• Adalci (sashi na 6.4.3)

An ba da albashi ga mahalarta a cikin wasu saitunan da suka shafi bincike-bincike na dijital. Lanier (2014) yana bayar da shawarar biyan mahalarta don halaye na dijital da suka samar. Bederson and Quinn (2011) tattauna kudade a kasuwanni a kan layi. A ƙarshe, Desposato (2016a) bada shawara akan biyan mahalarta cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje. Ya nuna cewa kodayake mahalarta ba za a biya bashi ba, za a iya ba da gudummawa ga rukuni na aiki a madadin su. Alal misali, a cikin Encore, masu bincike sun iya bayar da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar da ke aiki don tallafawa samun damar Intanet.

• Bangaren Shari'a da Harkokin Jama'a (sashi na 6.4.4)

Dole ne yarjejeniyar da ke cikin yarjejeniya ta kasance da nauyin da ya fi nauyin kwangilar da aka yi tsakanin tsakanin jam'iyyun da suka dace da kuma dokokin da gwamnatoci suka halatta. Kasashe inda masu bincike suka keta yarjejeniyar yarjejeniyar da suka wuce a baya sun yi amfani da ita ta amfani da tambayoyin da aka sarrafa ta atomatik don bincikar halayyar kamfanoni (kamar gwaje-gwaje na filin don auna nuna bambanci). Don ƙarin tattaunawa, duba Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , da Bruckman (2016b) . Ga misali na bincike mai zurfi da ke magana akan ka'idodin sabis, duba Soeller et al. (2016) . Don ƙarin bayani game da matsalolin da matsaloli masu doka suka fuskanta idan sun karya ka'idodin sabis, ga Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Shafuka biyu masu ladabi (sashi 6.5)

A bayyane yake, an rubuta adadi mai yawa game da sakamako da kuma labarun dabara. Ga misali na yadda waɗannan zane-zane, da sauransu, za a iya amfani dasu don yin la'akari da bincike na shekaru dijital, duba Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Ga misali na yadda za a iya amfani da su ga gwaje-gwaje na gwaje-gwajen a cikin tattalin arziki na cigaba, duba Baele (2013) .

• Yarjejeniyar ba da sanarwa (sashi na 6.6.1)

Don ƙarin bayani akan nazarin binciken nuna bambanci, duba Pager (2007) da Riach and Rich (2004) . Ba wai kawai waɗannan karatun ba su sanar da izini ba, har ma sun haɗu da yaudara ba tare da bambance-bambance ba.

Dukansu Desposato (2016a) da Humphreys (2015) ba da shawara game da gwaje-gwajen filin ba tare da izini ba.

Sommers and Miller (2013) la'akari da jayayya da yawa don karban mahalarta bambance-bambance bayan rikici, kuma sunyi jayayya cewa masu bincike ya kamata su manta da debriefing

"A karkashin wani matsala na musamman, wato, a cikin binciken da aka yi a cikin sasantawa wanda ke haifar da ƙananan matsaloli amma masu bincike ba su da cancanta game da taƙaitaccen bayani idan za su iya. Ba za a bari masu bincike su yi watsi da bambance-bambance don kare mahalarta mai laushi ba, kariya daga kansu daga fushi, ko kare mahalarta daga cutar. "

Wasu suna jayayya cewa a wasu lokuta idan hadisin ya haifar da mummunan cutar fiye da kyau, ya kamata a kauce masa (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) . Tattaunawa shine shari'ar inda wasu masu bincike suka fi mayar da girmamawa ga Mutum a kan Aminci, yayin da wasu masu bincike suka yi akasin haka. Wata mafita zai yiwu shine gano hanyoyi don yin bayani game da kwarewa ga mahalarta. Wato, maimakon yin la'akari da bambance-bambance a matsayin wani abu da zai iya cutar da shi, watakila maganganun mahimmanci zai iya zama wani abin da zai amfana wa mahalarta. Ga misali na irin wannan ilimin ilimi, duba Jagatic et al. (2007) . Masanan ilimin kimiyya sun tayar da hanyoyi don maganganu (DS Holmes 1976a, 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) , kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan za a iya amfani da su don amfani da bincike na zamani. Humphreys (2015) yana bayar da tunani mai ban sha'awa game da yardawar da aka jinkirta , wadda ke da alaƙa da haɗin dabarun da na bayyana.

Manufar tambayar samfurin mahalarta don yarda da su ya danganci abin da Humphreys (2015) kira yardawar ba da izini ba .

Ƙarin ra'ayi game da sanarwar da aka ba da shawara shine gina wani bangare na mutane waɗanda suka yarda su kasance cikin gwaje-gwajen kan layi (Crawford 2014) . Wasu sunyi jayayya cewa wannan rukuni zai zama wani samfurin ba da kyawun mutane. Amma babi na 3 (Tambayoyi) yana nuna cewa waɗannan matsalolin suna yiwuwar ƙara ƙarawa ta hanyar amfani da bayanan. Har ila yau, yarda da zama a kan kwamitin zai iya rufe wasu gwaje-gwaje. A takaice dai, mahalarta bazai buƙatar yarda da kowane gwaji a kowanne ɗayan ba, wata ma'anar da ake kira yarda mai karfi (Sheehan 2011) . Don ƙarin bayani game da bambancin dake tsakanin izinin guda ɗaya da yarda ga kowane binciken, da kuma matasan da za su iya samuwa, duba Hutton and Henderson (2015) .

• Ƙin fahimta da kuma kula da hadarin bayanai (sashe na 6.6.2)

Ban da mahimmanci, kyautar Netflix ta nuna muhimmancin kayan fasaha na kayan tarihi wanda ke dauke da cikakken bayani game da mutane, kuma ta haka yana ba da darussan darussa game da yiwuwar "sanarwa" na tarihin zamantakewar zamani. Fayiloli masu yawa da bayanai game da kowacce mutum na iya kasancewa marasa ƙarfi , kamar yadda aka bayyana a Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Wato, ga kowane rikodin, babu wani rubutun da suke daidai, kuma a gaskiya babu rubuce-rubuce masu kama da juna: kowane mutum yana da nisa daga makwabcin da ke kusa da su a cikin dataset. Mutum zai iya tunanin cewa bayanai na Netflix na iya zama banza domin tare da fina-finai 20,000 a kan sikelin tauraron biyar, akwai kusan dabi'u \(6^{20,000}\) dabi'un da kowa zai iya (6 saboda, ban da 1 zuwa Taurari 5, wani zai iya ba da labarin fim din ba). Wannan lambar yana da girma, yana da wuya a fahimta.

Sparsity na da muhimman abubuwa biyu. Na farko, yana nufin cewa ƙoƙari na "ba da izini" da dataset din da ke dogara da bala'i ba zai iya kasa ba. Wato, ko da Netflix ba su daidaita wasu daga cikin ratings (abin da suka aikata ba), wannan ba zai isa ba saboda rikicewar rikice-rikice har yanzu mafi kyau rikodin rikodin zuwa bayanin da mai kai hare-hare na da. Na biyu, sparsity yana nufin cewa sake ganewa zai yiwu koda kuwa mai haɗari yana da cikakkiyar sani ko kuma marar sani. Alal misali, a cikin bayanai na Netflix, bari mu yi tunanin wanda mai haɗari ya san kimarku don fina-finai biyu da kwanakin da kuka sanya waɗannan ratings \(\pm\) 3 kwana; kawai wannan bayanin kawai ya ishe don gane da kashi 68 cikin dari na mutanen Netflix. Idan mai haɗari ya san k'wallo guda takwas da ka ƙayyade \(\pm\) kwanaki 14, to, koda kuwa biyu daga cikin wadannan sanannun sanannun kuskure ne, 99% na rubutun zasu iya ganewa a cikin dataset. A wasu kalmomin, fassarar wata matsala ce ta ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari na "ba da sanarwa", wanda ba shi da kyau domin yawancin tarihin zamantakewa na yau da kullum ba su da kyau. Don ƙarin bayani game da "anonymisation" na bayanan banza, duba Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) .

Siffofin bayanan salula kuma na iya bayyana su zama "maras tabbas" kuma basu da hankali, amma wannan ba haka bane. Siffofin bayanan salula sun kasance masu ganewa da mahimmanci (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

A cikin adadi na 6.6, na kaddamar da wani cinikayya tsakanin haɗari ga mahalarta da kuma amfani ga jama'a daga sakin bayanai. Don kwatanta tsakanin ƙayyadadden hanyoyin shiga (misali, lambun da aka kewaye) da kuma ƙuntata bayanan bayanai (misali, wani nau'i na "sanarwa") duba Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Don tsarin ƙayyade tsarin ƙaddamar da bayanai, duba Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Don ƙarin bayani game da raba bayanai, duba Yakowitz (2011) .

Don ƙarin cikakken bayani game da wannan cinikayya tsakanin haɗarin da mai amfani da bayanai, duba Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Reiter (2012) , Wu (2013) , da Goroff (2015) . Don ganin wannan cinikin da aka yi amfani da shi ga ainihin bayanan daga cikin darussan kan layi (MOOCs), duba Daries et al. (2014) da Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Bayani mai mahimmanci yana ba da wata hanyar da za ta iya haɗuwa da ƙananan haɗari ga mahalarta da kuma babban amfani ga jama'a; duba Dwork and Roth (2014) da Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Don ƙarin bayani a game da batun sanin bayanan mutum (PII), wanda yake tsakiya da yawancin dokoki game da ilimin bincike, ga Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) da Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Don ƙarin bayani game da dukkanin bayanan da suke da damuwa, duba Ohm (2015) .

A cikin wannan ɓangaren, Na nuna alaƙa da ɗayan bayanan daban-daban kamar wani abu da zai iya haifar da hadarin bayanai. Duk da haka, yana iya haifar da sabon damar yin bincike, kamar yadda aka yi a Currie (2013) .

Don ƙarin bayani game da kayan tsaro guda biyar, duba Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Ga misali na yadda za a iya gano bayanai, duba Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , wanda ya nuna yadda taswirar yawan cututtukan cututtuka zasu iya ganowa. Dwork et al. (2017) Har ila yau, suna la'akari da hare-haren da aka tattara, irin su kididdigar da mutane da yawa ke da wata cuta.

Tambayoyi game da amfani da bayanai da kuma bayanan bayanai kuma tada tambayoyi game da mallakar mallaka. Don ƙarin bayani, game da mallakar mallaka, duba Evans (2011) da Pentland (2012) .

• Sirri (sashi na 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) wata doka ce ta sirri game da sirrin sirri kuma yana da alaka da ra'ayin cewa sirri na da hakkin ya bar shi kadai. Tsare-tsaren littafi na tsare sirri da zan bada shawara sun hada da Solove (2010) da Nissenbaum (2010) .

Don yin nazari game da yadda mutane suke tunani game da sirri, duba Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Phelan, Lampe, and Resnick (2016) sun bada shawara akan ka'idoji-ka'idodin ka'idoji-cewa mutane sukan damu da damuwa akan damuwar dasu kuma wani lokaci sukan mayar da hankalin akan la'akari da damuwa - don bayyana yadda mutane zasu iya yin rikici game da sirri. Don ƙarin bayani game da bayanin tsare sirri a cikin saitunan intanit irin su Twitter, duba Neuhaus and Webmoor (2012) .

Labarin mujallar ta wallafa wani ɓangare na musamman wanda ake kira "Ƙarshen Sirri," wanda ke magance matsalolin tsare sirri da kuma hadarin bayanai daga hanyoyi daban-daban; don taƙaitaccen bayani, duba Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) yana ba da tsarin don tunani game da halayen da ke fitowa daga keta hakkin sirri. Wani misali na farko na damuwa game da sirri a farkon farkon shekarun zamani shine Packard (1964) .

• Yin yanke shawara a kan rashin tabbas (sashi na 6.6.4)

Ɗaya daga cikin kalubale lokacin ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ƙananan haɗarin haɗari shi ne cewa ba a bayyana abin da za a yi amfani da rayuwan yau da kullum don benchmarking (National Research Council 2014) . Alal misali, mutanen da ba su da gida suna da matsala masu girma a cikin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa yana da halatta a nuna masu ba da gida zuwa bincike mafi girma. Saboda wannan dalili, akwai alama mai girma cewa ƙananan haɗari ya kamata a yi la'akari da daidaitattun ƙididdigar yawan jama'a , ba ƙayyadadden yawan jama'a ba. Duk da yake na yarda da ra'ayi na yawan jama'a, ina tsammanin cewa ga manyan dandamali kan layi irin su Facebook, wani takamaiman yawan jama'a yana da kyau. Saboda haka, lokacin da ake tunanin Contagion na Motsa jiki, ina tsammanin cewa yana da kyau a matsayin alamomin ƙaddamar da hadarin yau da kullum akan Facebook. Wani adadi na musamman a cikin wannan yanayin ya fi sauƙi a kimantawa kuma yana da wuya a rikici da ka'idar Adalci, wanda ke ƙoƙari ya hana nauyin binciken da ya yi rashin adalci a kan ƙungiyoyi masu rauni (misali, fursunoni da marayu).

• Karin shawarwari (sashi na 6.7)

Sauran malaman sun kuma bukaci karin takardu don hada da rubutun ka'idodi (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015; Partridge and Allman 2016) . King and Sands (2015) kuma suna bada shawarwari masu amfani. Zook da abokan aiki (2017) bada "dokoki guda goma don bincike mai zurfin bincike."