6.1 Gabatarwa

Sassan da suka gabata sun nuna cewa zamanin dijital ya haifar da sabon damar samun tattarawa da nazarin bayanan zamantakewa. Yau shekarun dijital ya haifar da kalubale masu kyan gani. Makasudin wannan babi shi ne ya ba ku kayan aikin da kuke buƙatar ɗaukar waɗannan matsalolin da suka dace.

Akwai halin yanzu rashin tabbas game da halin da ake ciki na wasu bincike na zamantakewa na zamani. Wannan rashin tabbas ya haifar da matsaloli guda biyu, wanda daya daga cikinsu ya karbi mafi hankali fiye da sauran. A wani bangare, wasu masu bincike sun zarge cin zarafin mutane ko yin rajistar masu halartar gwaje-gwaje marasa tunani. Wadannan lokuta-wanda zan bayyana a cikin wannan babi - sun kasance batun batun muhawara da tattaunawa da yawa. A gefe guda, rashin tabbacin rashin daidaito yana da mummunar tasiri, yana hana ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma muhimmancin bincike daga faruwa, gaskiyar cewa ina da la'akari da raguwa. Alal misali, a lokacin cutar Ebola 2014, jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun bukaci bayani game da motsi na mutane a cikin mafi yawan kasashe masu fama da cutar don taimakawa wajen magance cutar. Kamfanoni na wayar hannu suna da cikakken bayanan da aka rubuta da za su iya ba da wasu bayanai. Duk da haka damuwa da ka'idoji na doka sun rushe masu bincike na kokarin nazarin bayanan (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) . Idan mu, a matsayin al'umma, za mu iya inganta dabi'u da ka'idojin da masu bincike da kuma jama'a suke rabawa-kuma ina tsammanin za mu iya yin hakan - to, zamu iya amfani da damar zamani na zamani a hanyoyin da suke da alhakin da kuma amfani ga jama'a .

Ɗaya daga cikin shinge don ƙirƙirar waɗannan ka'idodi ɗaya shine cewa masana kimiyyar zamantakewa da masanan kimiyya sun kasance suna da hanyoyi daban-daban don gudanar da bincike. Don masana kimiyyar zamantakewa, tunani game da ka'idoji na mamaye Cibiyoyin Bincike na Ƙasa (IRBs) da kuma ka'idojin da ake dasu da karfafawa. Bayan haka, hanyar da mafi yawan masana kimiyya na zamantakewar al'umma ke fuskanta mu'amala da kirki shi ne ta hanyar tsarin mulki na IRB. Masana kimiyya, a gefe guda, ba su da kwarewa ta yau da kullum tare da labarun bincike saboda ba a tattauna da su ba a kimiyyar kwamfuta da aikin injiniya. Babu daga waɗannan hanyoyi- ka'idodin tsarin zamantakewa na masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma ko kuma hanyar da masana kimiyya suka dace - ya dace da bincike na zamantakewa a cikin shekarun zamani. Maimakon haka, na yi imanin cewa, mu, a matsayin al'umma, za mu ci gaba idan muna bin ka'idodin ka'ida . Wato, masu bincike ya kamata su gwada binciken su ta hanyar dokoki na yanzu - wanda zan dauki kamar yadda aka ba da kuma ɗauka ya kamata a bi - kuma ta hanyar ka'idoji na yau da kullum. Wannan ka'idodin tushen ka'idodin na taimaka wa masu bincike su yanke shawara masu dacewa a kan lokuta idan ba'a rubuta dokoki ba, kuma yana taimaka wa masu bincike suyi magana da juna da kuma jama'a.

Ka'idodin ka'idojin da nake ba da shawara ba sababbin bane. Tana jawo hankalin shekarun da suka gabata, yawancin abin da aka bayyana a cikin rahotanni guda biyu: rahoton Belmont da rahoton Menlo. Kamar yadda za ka ga, a wasu lokuta ka'idodin ka'idoji suna kaiwa ga warwarewa, hanyar warwarewa. Kuma, idan ba ya kai ga irin waɗannan maganganu, ya bayyana masu cinikayya, wanda yake da mahimmanci don cin zarafi daidai. Bugu da ƙari, ka'idodin ka'idodin ya zama cikakkiyar maɗaukaki cewa zai taimaka ko inda kake aiki (misali, jami'a, gwamnati, NGO, ko kamfanin).

An tsara wannan babi don taimakawa mai bincike mai ma'ana. Yaya ya kamata ka yi la'akari game da ka'idojin aikinka? Mene ne zaka iya yi domin aikinka ya kasance mafi dacewa? A cikin sashi na 6.2, zan bayyana ayyukan bincike na shekaru dijital da suka haifar da muhawara ta al'ada. Bayan haka, a cikin sashi na 6.3, zan yi amfani da waɗannan misalai na musamman don bayyana abin da nake tsammanin shine dalilin dalili na rashin daidaituwa na dabi'a: ƙarfafa yawan ƙarfin masu bincike don kiyayewa da gwaji akan mutane ba tare da yardar su ba ko ma sanarwa. Wadannan damar suna canza sauri fiye da ka'idodi, ka'idoji, da dokoki. Na gaba, a cikin sashi na 6.4, zan bayyana ka'idoji guda huɗu da suka dace da za su iya jagoranci ra'ayinka: Mutunta Mutum, Aminci, Adalci, da Mutunta Shari'a da Harkokin Jama'a. Bayan haka, a cikin sashi na 6.5, zan taƙaita siffofin zane-zane guda biyu-haɓaka da labarun-wanda zai iya taimaka maka tare da ɗaya daga cikin kalubale mafi zurfi da za ka iya fuskanta: yaushe ya dace maka ka yi amfani da mahimmancin hanya don samun nasara yanci mai dacewa. Wadannan ka'idodin da ka'idodin dabi'a - taƙaita a cikin adadi na 6.1 - zasu ba ka damar motsawa fiye da mayar da hankali ga abin da ka'idojin da ke ƙarƙashinta suka haɓaka kuma ƙara ƙarfinka don sadarwa naka da sauran masu bincike da jama'a.

Tare da wannan batu, a sashe na 6.6, zan tattauna wuraren hudu da suke da ƙalubale ga masu bincike na zamantakewa na zamani: izinin sanarwar (sashi na 6.6.1), fahimtarwa da kuma kula da hadarin bayanai (sashe na 6.6.2), sirrin sirri (sashi na 6.6.3 ), da kuma yin shawara mai kyau a fuskar rashin tabbas (sashi 6.6.4). A ƙarshe, a sashi na 6.7, zan bayar da matakai uku don aiki a cikin yanki tare da ladabi maras kyau. Ma'anar ta ƙare tare da tarihin tarihin, inda na takaitaccen taƙaita juyin halitta na kula da bin ka'idodin bincike a Amurka, ciki har da ƙaddamar da binciken Nazkegee Syphilis, da rahoton Belmont, Dokar Kasuwanci, da rahoton Menlo.

Figure 6.1: Dokokin dake gudanar da bincike suna samo daga ka'idodin da aka samo asali daga tsarin fasaha. Babban mahimmancin wannan babi shi ne cewa masu bincike suyi nazarin binciken su ta hanyar dokoki na yanzu - wanda zan dauki kamar yadda aka ba da kuma ya kamata a bi shi - kuma ta hanyar ka'idoji da yawa. Dokar Kasuwanci ita ce ka'idar da take gudanarwa mafi yawancin bincike na federally a Amurka (don ƙarin bayani, duba tarihin tarihin wannan shafi). Sha'idodin guda hudu sun fito ne daga zane-zane guda biyu waɗanda aka halicce su don samar da jagoranci ga masu bincike: rahoton Belmont da Menlo Report (don ƙarin bayani, duba tarihin tarihi). A ƙarshe, ilmantarwa da tsarin ilimin halayya su ne al'amuran dabi'un da masana falsafa suka bunkasa har daruruwan shekaru. Hanyar da take da sauri da fahimtar hanyar da za a iya rarrabe siffofin biyu shine cewa masu binciken da ke tattare da mahimmanci suna mayar da hankali ga ma'ana da masu dacewa suna mayar da hankali akan iyakar.