6.3 Digital ne daban-daban

Social bincike a cikin digital shekaru yana halaye daban-daban, don haka kiwata daban-daban da'a tambayoyi.

A lokacin analog, yawancin bincike na zamantakewa na da iyakacin iyaka kuma ana gudanar da su a cikin saiti na dokoki masu kyau. Nazarin zamantakewa a cikin shekarun dijital ya bambanta. Masu bincike-sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni da gwamnatoci-suna da iko fiye da mahalarta fiye da baya, kuma dokokin game da yadda za'a yi amfani da wutar lantarki ba a bayyana ba. Ta hanyar iko, ina nufin kawai ikon yin abubuwa ga mutane ba tare da yardar su ko ma sanarwa ba. Abubuwan da masu bincike zasu iya yi wa mutane sun hada da lura da halin su da kuma rubuta su cikin gwaje-gwajen. Kamar yadda ikon masu bincike ke lura da rikicewa ya karu, ba a yi daidai da ƙwarewar yadda za a yi amfani da ikon ba. A gaskiya ma, masu bincike dole ne su yanke shawara yadda za su yi amfani da ikon su dangane da dokoki, dokoki, da ka'idojin da ba daidai ba. Wannan haɗuwa da ƙarfin iko da ka'idoji marasa ƙarfi suna haifar da yanayi masu wahala.

Ɗaya daga cikin ikon da masu bincike ke da shi yanzu suna da ikon kiyaye dabi'un mutane ba tare da izinin su ko fahimta ba. Masu bincike za su iya yin hakan a baya, amma a cikin zamani na zamani, sikelin ya bambanta, gaskiyar da yawancin magoya bayan babban mashigin bayanai suka sanar. Musamman ma, idan muka motsa daga sikelin ɗalibai ko dalibi kuma a maimakon haka muyi la'akari da sikelin kamfanoni ko hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda masu bincike suke haɓakawa tare da su - batutuwan da suka dace da zamantakewar al'amurra sun zama ƙananan. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai cewa ina tunanin taimakawa mutane su hango ra'ayin tsarin kulawa shine panopticon . Asalin da Jeremy Bentham ya ba shi a matsayin gine-gine don gidajen kurkukun, panopticon wani gini ne na gine-ginen tare da kwayoyin da aka gina a kusa da ɗakin daji na tsakiya (adadi na 6.3). Duk wanda yake zaune a wannan taswirar zai iya lura da halin da kowa ke ciki a ɗakin ba tare da ganin kansa ba. Mutumin da yake cikin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa shi ne irin gaibi mai ban mamaki (Foucault 1995) . Ga wasu masu bada shawara na tsare sirri, shekarun dijital ya motsa mu cikin kurkuku mai ƙananan kurkuku inda kamfanonin fasaha da gwamnatoci ke kallo akai-akai da kuma sauyawa halin mu.

Figure 6.3: Zane don gidan kurkuku na panopticon, wanda Jeremy Bentham ya gabatar. A tsakiyar, akwai mai gani mara gani wanda zai iya lura da halayyar kowa amma ba za'a iya kiyaye shi ba. Ɗaukar da Willey Reveley, 1791 (Source: Wikimedia Commons ).

Don gudanar da wannan misalin a yayin da yawancin masu bincike na zamantakewar al'umma sukayi tunani game da shekarun zamani, suna tunanin kansu a cikin tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, kallon hali da kuma samar da wani babban fayil din da za a iya amfani dashi don yin duk wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa da muhimmanci. Amma a yanzu, maimakon tunanin kanka a tashar tashar jiragen sama, yi tunanin kanka a daya daga cikin sel. Wannan mahimman bayanai sun fara kama da abin da Paul Ohm (2010) ya kira database na lalacewar , wadda za a iya amfani dashi a hanyoyi marasa amfani.

Wasu masu karatu na wannan littafin suna da farin ciki don su zauna a ƙasashe inda suke amincewa da masu kallo da ba su gani don amfani da bayanan da suka dace da kuma kare shi daga masu adawa. Sauran masu karatu ba sa'a ba ne, kuma na tabbata cewa al'amurran da suka shafi kula da masallatai sun bayyana a gare su. Amma na yi imanin cewa har ma ga masu karatu masu laushi har yanzu akwai damuwa mai damuwar da aka samu ta hanyar kula da masallatai: rashin amfani da amfani na biyu . Wato, wani bayanan da aka kirkiro don ɗaya manufa-ce da aka yi tallan tallace-tallace-za a yi amfani da wata rana don wani ma'ana daban. Wani misali mai ban mamaki na abin da aka yi amfani da shi na biyu ya faru a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da aka yi amfani da bayanan gwamnati don taimakawa kisan kare dangi da aka yi a kan Yahudawa, Roma, da sauransu (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Mutanen da suka tattara bayanai a lokacin zaman lafiya kusan suna da kyakkyawar manufa, kuma mutane da dama sun amince da su da amfani da bayanai. Amma, lokacin da duniya ta sauya-lokacin da Nasis suka zo iko-waɗannan bayanai sun ba da amfani na biyu wanda ba a taba tsammani ba. Da zarar sau ɗaya, sau ɗaya bayanan masanin bayanan, yana da wuya a yi tsammani wanda zai iya samun damar shiga ta kuma yadda za a yi amfani da shi. A gaskiya ma, William Seltzer da Margo Anderson (2008) sun rubuta abubuwan da suka shafi ka'idojin mutane 18 wadanda ke da hannu wajen cin zarafin bil adama (tebur 6.1). Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda Seltzer da Anderson suka nuna, wannan jerin ya zama kusan rashin sanin cikakken farashi saboda yawancin zalunci ya faru a ɓoye.

Masu bincike na zamantakewa na al'ada su ne sosai, da nisa daga wani abu kamar shiga cikin cin zarafin bil adama ta hanyar amfani ta biyu. Na zaba don tattauna shi, duk da haka, domin ina tsammanin zai taimaka maka ka fahimci yadda wasu mutane zasu iya amsawa ga aikinka. Bari mu koma ayyukan Tastes, Ties, da Time, misali. Ta hanyar haɗuwa tare da cikakkun bayanai daga Facebook tare da cikakkiyar bayanai daga Harvard, masu binciken sun kirkiro ra'ayi na ban mamaki game da zamantakewa da al'adu na dalibai (Lewis et al. 2008) . Ga masu bincike da yawa na zamantakewar al'umma, wannan alama kamar bashin bayanai ne, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don mai kyau. Amma ga wasu, yana kama da farkon database na lalacewar, wadda za a iya amfani dashi ba tare da wata ba. A gaskiya ma, yana iya zama bit na biyu.

Bugu da ƙari, kulawar taro, masu bincike-kuma tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni da gwamnatoci-na iya ƙara shiga tsakani a cikin rayuwar mutane don samar da gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar. Alal misali, a cikin Conversion na Motsa jiki, masu bincike sun sanya mutane 700,000 a cikin gwaji ba tare da izinin su ko fahimta ba. Kamar yadda na bayyana a babi na 4, irin wannan sirri na sirri na mahalarta a cikin gwaje-gwajen ba abu bane, kuma baya buƙatar haɗin manyan kamfanoni. A gaskiya, a babi na 4, na koya muku yadda za ku yi.

Dangane da wannan karuwar iko, masu bincike sun kasance sun saba da dokoki, dokoki, da kuma ka'idoji . Ɗaya daga cikin tushen wannan rashin daidaituwa shi ne cewa damar da shekarun dijital ke canzawa da sauri fiye da dokokin, dokoki, da kuma ka'idoji. Alal misali, Dokar Kasuwanci (ka'idar da ke gudanar da bincike mafi yawa daga gwamnati a Amurka) ba ta canja ba tun 1981. Wani mabuɗin rashin daidaituwa na biyu shi ne cewa al'amuran da ke tattare da al'amuran al'ada kamar su sirri suna har yanzu suna yin muhawarar da masu bincike , masu tsara manufofi, da masu gwagwarmaya. Idan masu kwararru a cikin waɗannan yankunan ba zasu iya cimma yarjejeniya ɗaya ba, kada mu yi tsammanin masu bincike ko masu halartar kwarewa suyi haka. Matsayi na uku da ƙarshe na rashin daidaituwa shi ne binciken bincike na shekaru dijital ya kara haɓaka zuwa wasu abubuwan da suka haifar, wanda zai haifar da al'ada da dokoki. Misali, Emotional Contagion haɗin gwiwar ne tsakanin masanin kimiyya a kan Facebook da Farfesa da kuma daliban digiri a Cornell. A wannan lokacin, ana amfani dasu akan Facebook don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa ba tare da lura da wasu ba, idan dai gwaje-gwajen sun bi ka'idodin Facebook. A Cornell, al'ada da dokoki sun bambanta; Kusan dukkanin gwaje-gwaje dole ne Cornell IRB ya sake dubawa. Don haka, wace dokoki ya kamata ya jagoranci Contagion-Facebook ta ko Cornell's? Idan akwai saba da dokoki, dokoki, da kuma ka'idoji marasa mahimmanci har ma masu bincike masu mahimmanci na iya zama matsala yin abin da ke daidai. A gaskiya ma, saboda rashin daidaituwa, babu yiwuwar zama abu ɗaya.

Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan karfin haɓaka guda biyu da rashin yarjejeniya game da yadda za a yi amfani da wannan wutar lantarki - ma'ana cewa masu bincike da suke aiki a cikin shekarun dijital zasu fuskanci kalubale na dabi'un da zai yiwu a gaba. Abin farin cikin, lokacin da ake magance waɗannan kalubale, ba lallai ba ne don farawa daga tarkon. Maimakon haka, masu bincike zasu iya samo hikima daga ka'idodin dabi'un da suka rigaya suka bunkasa, da batutuwa na sassan biyu na gaba.