5.3.2 Foldit
Foldit abu ne mai nauyin gina jiki wanda yake taimakawa wadanda ba masana su shiga cikin hanyar da ke da ban sha'awa.
Kyautar Netflix, yayin da yake ba da umurni da bayyanawa, ba ya nuna cikakken jerin ayyukan kira na budewa. Alal misali, a cikin kyautar Netflix, mafi yawan masu halartar taron suna da shekaru na horo a cikin kididdigar da kuma ilmantarwa. Amma, ayyukan kira na budewa zasu iya haɗawa da mahalarta waɗanda ba su da horarwa, kamar yadda Foldit ya kwatanta, wasan kwaikwayo na furotin-fadi.
Tsarin protein shi ne tsarin da jerin sassan amino acid suke ɗauka. Tare da fahimtar wannan tsari, masu ilimin halitta zasu iya tsara sunadaran da wasu siffofin da za a iya amfani dashi a matsayin magunguna. Sauƙaƙe sosai a bit, sunadarai sun kasance suna motsawa zuwa mafi ƙarancin makamashi, yanayin da yake daidaitawa da dama yana motsawa a cikin gina jiki (adadi 5.7). Don haka, idan mai bincike yana so ya hango siffar da furotin zai ninka, zancen ya sauya sauƙi: kawai gwada duk shawarwari mai kyau, ƙididdige ƙarfin su, kuma tsinkaya cewa furotin zai ninka cikin tsari mafi ƙasƙanci. Abin takaici, ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin duk wani shawarwari mai yiwuwa ba zai yiwu ba saboda akwai biliyoyin da biliyoyin mitar shawarwari. Ko da tare da kwakwalwa mafi girma a yau-kuma a cikin kullun da za a iya gani a gaba-gaba ba za a yi aiki ba. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya sun kirkiro wasu algorithms mai zurfi don bincika matsala mafi kyau-makamashi. Duk da haka, duk da tsananin yunkurin kimiyya da kuma hada kai, wadannan algorithms har yanzu ba su da cikakke.
Hoto na 5.7: Farfadowa. Daukar hoto na "DrKjaergaard" / Wikimedia Commons .
David Baker da ƙungiyar bincike a Jami'ar Washington sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'ummar masana kimiyya da ke aiki don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin sadarwa don fatar furotin. A cikin wani tsari, Baker da abokan aiki suka ci gaba da tsarin da ya ba masu kyauta damar ba da kyauta a kan kwamfyutocin su don taimakawa wajen gyaran furotin. A sakamakon haka, masu sa kai za su iya kallon allo wanda ya nuna furotin da ke faruwa akan kwamfutar su. Yawancin wa] annan masu bayar da agaji sun rubuta wa Baker da abokan aiki cewa suna tunanin cewa za su iya inganta aikin kwamfutar ta idan sun kasance suna iya shiga cikin lissafi. Kuma haka ya fara Foldit (Hand 2010) .
Foldit juya tsari na fadi-furotin cikin wasan da kowa zai iya taka. Daga hangen mai kunnawa, Foldit yana nuna ƙwaƙwalwa (adadi 5.8). Ana gabatar da masu wasa da nau'in nau'i na tsarin gina jiki guda uku da za su iya aiwatar da ayyukan- "tweak," "wiggle," "sake gina" -wannan canza yanayinsa. Ta hanyar yin waɗannan 'yan wasan aiki suna canza siffar sunadarai, wanda hakan yana ƙaruwa ko rage ragowar su. Mahimmanci, an ƙayyade kashi bisa tushen matakin makamashi na halin yanzu; Ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin makamashi yana haifar da matsayi mafi yawa. A wasu kalmomi, zabin yana taimakawa wajen jagorancin 'yan wasan yayin da suke nemo hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Wannan wasan ne kawai zai yiwu saboda-kamar dai yadda ake kwatanta fim din a cikin Netflix Prize-protein folding yana da halin da ake ciki a inda yake da sauki don duba mafita fiye da samar da su.
Figure 5.8: Allon wasa don Foldit. Sake buga ta izinin daga http://www.fold.it.
Fayil na kyawun zane ya sa 'yan wasan da ƙwarewar ilimin biochemistry don yin gasa tare da mafi kyawun algorithms waɗanda masana suka tsara. Duk da yake mafi yawan 'yan wasan ba su da kyau sosai a aikin, akwai' yan wasan 'yan wasa da ƙananan' yan wasan da suke da ban sha'awa. A gaskiya ma, a tsakanin jagorancin Foldit da 'yan wasan algorithms, wasu' yan wasan sun samar da mafita mafi kyau ga 5 daga 10 sunadaran (Cooper et al. 2010) .
Foldit da kyautar Netflix sun bambanta a hanyoyi da yawa, amma dukansu sun ƙunshi bude kira ga mafita waɗanda suke da sauki don duba fiye da samarwa. A yanzu, zamu ga irin wannan tsari a cikin wani wuri daban-daban: doka ta patent. Wannan misali na ƙarshe na ƙirar kira yana nuna cewa wannan hanya za a iya amfani dasu a saitunan da ba'a iya nunawa ba.
