3.3.2 Ji

Sakamakon yana game da ba da labari ga abin da masu sauraronka ke tunani da kuma aikata daga abin da suke fada.

Bugu da ƙari, matsalolin wakilci, tsarin ɓataccen binciken binciken da aka nuna yana nuna cewa babban mahimmin hanyar kurakurai shine ma'aunin : yadda zamu yi bayani daga amsoshin da masu amsa suka ba mu tambayoyinmu. Ya bayyana cewa amsoshin da muka karɓa, sabili da haka ƙananan da muka yi, za su iya dogara da ƙididdiga-kuma a wasu lokuta hanyoyi masu ban mamaki - a kan daidai yadda muke tambaya. Zai yiwu babu wani abu da ya nuna wannan muhimmiyar mahimmanci fiye da kullun a cikin littafi mai ban mamaki Karin tambayoyi na Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, da kuma Brian Wansink (2004) :

Biyu firistoci, a Dominican da Jesuit, an tattauna ko yana zunubi hayaki kuma yi addu'a a lokaci guda. Bayan kasawa don isa a ƙarshe, kowane ke kashe tuntubar ya Game m. The Dominican ya ce, "Me ka m ce?"

The Jesuit amsa, "Ya ce shi ke nana."

"Wannan funny" Dominican amsawa, "My duba ce shi ne zunubi."

The Jesuit ya ce, "Me ka tambaye shi?" The Dominican amsawa, "Na tambaye shi idan ya ke nana hayaki yayin addu'a." "Oh" ya ce Jesuit, "Na tambayi idan ya yi domin ya yi addu'a yayin da shan taba."

Bayan wannan takalma na musamman, masu binciken binciken sun rubuta wasu hanyoyi masu mahimmanci da abin da kuka koya ya dogara da yadda kuke tambaya. A gaskiya ma, ainihin matsala a tushen wannan wargi yana da suna a cikin binciken binciken bincike: tambayoyin tambayoyi (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Don ganin yadda tasirin tambayoyin zai iya tasiri na saitunan gaske, yi la'akari da waɗannan tambayoyin tambayoyi biyu masu kama da juna:

• "Nawa kake yarda da wadannan bayani: Mutane sun fi zargi fiye da zamantakewa da yanayi na aikata laifi da kuma aika mugunta a cikin wannan kasar."
• "Nawa kake yarda da wadannan bayani: Social yanayi ne mafi zargi fiye da mutane ga yin laifi da kuma aika mugunta a cikin wannan kasar."

Kodayake tambayoyin sun nuna cewa sun auna daidai da wancan, sun haifar da sakamakon daban-daban a cikin gwajin binciken (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Lokacin da aka tambayi wata hanya, game da kashi 60 cikin 100 na masu amsa sun ruwaito cewa mutane sun fi zarge laifuka, amma idan aka tambayi wata hanya, kimanin kashi 60 cikin dari sun ruwaito cewa yanayin zamantakewa ya fi zargewa (adadi 3.3). A wasu kalmomi, ƙananan bambancin tsakanin waɗannan tambayoyin biyu zai iya haifar da masu binciken zuwa taƙaitaccen ra'ayi.

Figure 3.3: Sakamako daga gwajin binciken da aka nuna cewa masu bincike zasu iya samun amsoshin da suka dogara dangane da yadda suke tambaya. Mafi yawan masu amsa sun amince cewa mutane sun fi zargewa fiye da yanayin zamantakewa don aikata laifuka da kuma rashin adalci. Kuma yawancin masu amsa sun amince da kishiyar cewa: yanayin zamantakewar sun fi alhakin mutane. An sauya daga Schuman and Presser (1996) , tebur 8.1.

Baya ga tsarin wannan tambayar, masu amsa zasu iya ba da amsoshi daban-daban, dangane da ƙayyadadden kalmomi da aka yi amfani da su. Alal misali, don auna ra'ayoyin game da muhimman ayyukan gwamnati, an karanta masu amsawa kamar haka:

"Mun fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa a wannan kasa, babu wani daga wanda za a iya warware sauƙi ko a saukake. Zan je suna wasu daga cikin wadannan matsaloli, da kuma ga kowane daya Ina son ka ka gaya mini, shin, ka yi zaton muna da jawabin da yawa kudi a kan shi, kuma kudi kadan, ko a game da hakkin adadin. "

Daga baya, an tambayi rabin masu amsa tambayoyin "zaman lafiya" kuma an tambayi rabi game da "agaji ga matalauci." Duk da yake waɗannan suna iya zama kamar kalmomi guda biyu don daidai da wancan, sun haifar da sakamako daban-daban (adadi 3.4); Ambasadawa sun nuna goyon bayan "agaji ga matalauci" fiye da "jin dadi" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) .

Figure 3.4: Sakamako daga binciken da aka gudanar na nuna cewa masu amsawa sun fi taimakawa "agaji ga matalauci" fiye da "jin dadi." Wannan shi ne misalin ma'anar tambayar da amsoshin da masu bincike suka samu ya dogara ne akan abin da suke amfani da shi a cikin tambayoyi. Ada daga Huber and Paris (2013) , tebur A1.

Kamar yadda waɗannan misalai game da tasirin tambayoyin da maganganu suka nuna, amsoshin da masu bincike suka karɓa zasu iya rinjayar yadda suke tambayar tambayoyin su. Wadannan misalai sukan jagoranci masu bincike su yi mamakin hanyar "daidai" don tambayi tambayoyin binciken su. Duk da yake ina tsammanin akwai wasu hanyoyin da ba daidai ba don yin tambaya, banyi tsammanin akwai hanya daya daidai ba. Wato, ba lallai ya fi kyau a tambayi game da "jindadin" ko "taimakon ga matalauci"; waɗannan su ne tambayoyin guda biyu da suke auna abubuwa biyu daban game da halayen masu amsawa. Wadannan misalai ma wani lokaci suna jagorantar masu bincike don gane cewa ba za a yi amfani da safiyo ba. Abin takaici, wani lokaci babu zabi. Maimakon haka, ina tsammanin darasi na darasi don samo daga waɗannan misalai shine ya kamata mu gina tambayoyinmu a hankali kuma kada mu karbi amsa ba tare da wani abu ba.

Mafi yawanci, wannan yana nufin cewa idan kuna nazarin bayanan binciken da wani ya tattara, tabbatar cewa kun karanta ainihin tambayoyin. Kuma idan kuna ƙirƙirar tambayarku, ina da shawarwari huɗu. Na farko, ina ba da shawara ka karanta ƙarin game da zanen tambayoyin (misali, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); Akwai fiye da wannan fiye da na iya bayyana a nan. Na biyu, Ina bayar da shawarar cewa ka kwafa-kalma don tambayoyi-daga tambayoyin da ke da kyau. Alal misali, idan kana so ka tambayi masu amsa game da kabilanci / kabilu, za ka iya kwafin tambayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a manyan bincike na gwamnati, irin su ƙidaya. Kodayake wannan yana iya zama kamar ƙaddamarwa, ana buƙatar tambayoyin a cikin binciken bincike (idan dai ka rubuta binciken farko). Idan ka kwafe tambayoyi daga binciken bincike mai kyau, za ka iya tabbatar da an gwada su, kuma za ka iya kwatanta martani ga bincikenka don amsa daga wasu binciken da ake yi. Na uku, idan ka yi la'akari da tambayarka zai iya ɗaukar mahimmancin maganganun kalmomi ko sakamako na tambayoyi, za ka iya gudanar da gwajin binciken inda rabin masu amsawa suka karbi daya daga cikin tambayoyin kuma rabi karbi sauran version (Krosnick 2011) . A ƙarshe, ina ba da shawara cewa ka kwarewa - gwada tambayoyinka tare da wasu mutane daga al'ummar ka; masu binciken masu bincike sun kira wannan gwajin kafin gwaji (Presser et al. 2004) . Abinda nake gani shi ne binciken binciken da aka gabatar a baya ne mai taimako.