3.3 A total binciken kuskure tsarin
Total binciken kuskure = misali kurakurai + ji kurakurai.
Ƙididdigar da ya zo daga samfurin nazarin samfurori ne sau da yawa ajizai. Wato, yawanci bambanci tsakanin kimantaccen samfurin samfurin samfurin (misali, ƙayyadadden tsawo na ɗalibai a cikin makaranta) da ƙimar gaske a cikin jama'a (misali, ainihin matsakaicin matsayi na dalibai a cikin makaranta). Wani lokaci wasu kurakuran suna ƙanƙanci cewa basu da mahimmanci, amma wani lokaci, rashin alheri, zasu iya zama manyan kuma masu dacewa. A ƙoƙarin fahimtar, aunawa, da rage ƙananan kurakurai, masu bincike sun siffata wata hanya guda ɗaya, wanda ya kasance cikakkiyar tsarin fahimta ga kurakuran da zasu iya samuwa a cikin binciken binciken samfurin: tsarin (Groves and Lyberg 2010) binciken binciken (Groves and Lyberg 2010) . Ko da yake ci gaba da wannan tsarin ya fara ne a cikin 1940, ina tsammanin wannan yana ba mu ra'ayoyi biyu masu amfani don nazarin binciken a cikin shekarun zamani.
Na farko, jigilar tsarin binciken binciken ya bayyana cewa akwai kurakurai guda biyu: bias da bambanci . Abin takaici, kuskuren shi ne kuskuren yaudara da bambance-bambancen shine kuskuren bazuwar. A wasu kalmomi, ku yi la'akari da sauƙaƙe 1,000 daga wannan nazarin samfurin sannan ku duba yadda za a rarraba kimantawa daga wadannan karin tambayoyin 1,000. Bangantakar shine bambanci tsakanin ma'anar wadannan ƙididdigar lissafi da gashin gaske. Bambance-bambancen shine bambancin waɗannan ƙididdiga. Dukkanin daidai, muna son tsari ba tare da nuna bambanci da ƙananan bambancin ba. Abin takaici, saboda matsalolin da yawa, irin wannan rashin nuna bambanci, ƙananan hanyoyi ba su wanzu, wanda ke sanya masu bincike a matsayi mai wuya na yanke shawarar yadda za a magance matsalolin da aka gabatar da bambance-bambance da bambanci. Wasu masu bincike sun fi son hanyoyin da ba su da kyau, amma mai tunani guda ɗaya mai mayar da hankali ga nuna bambanci na iya zama kuskure. Idan manufar ita ce samar da kimantawa wanda yake kusa da gaskiya (watau, tare da kuskure mafi kuskure), to, zaka iya zama mafi alhẽri tare da hanyar da ke da ƙananan ƙin zuciya da ƙananan bambanci fiye da wanda yake ba tare da nuna bambanci ba amma yana da babban bambanci (adadi 3.1). A wasu kalmomi, cikakkiyar ɓangaren binciken binciken yana nuna cewa a lokacin da aka kimanta nazarin binciken bincike, ya kamata ka yi la'akari da bambanci da bambanci.
Figure 3.1: Bias da bambancin juna. Tabbas, masu bincike za su sami hanyar yin la'akari da rashin amincewa da juna. A hakikanin gaskiya, sau da yawa suna yin yanke shawara da ke haifar da kasuwanci tsakanin bambanci da bambancin juna. Kodayake wasu masu bincike sun fi son hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su ba, wani lokacin wani karamin abu, ƙananan hanyoyi na iya haifar da ƙididdiga mafi dacewa fiye da hanyar da ba ta da ra'ayi da ke da rikice-rikice.
Abinda ke gaba na biyu daga tsarin zane-zane, wanda zai tsara da yawa daga wannan babin, shine cewa akwai matakai biyu: kurakurai da suka shafi wanda kuke magana da ( wakilci ) da kuma matsalolin da suka shafi abin da kuka koya daga waɗannan tattaunawa ( auna ). Alal misali, zaku iya sha'awar kimanta ra'ayinku game da tsare sirrin intanit tsakanin manya da ke zaune a Faransanci. Yin wadannan ƙididdiga na bukatar nau'i biyu daban-daban. Na farko, daga amsoshin da masu amsawa suka bayar, dole ne ka ba da halayyarsu game da sirrin intanet (wanda shine matsala na auna). Abu na biyu, daga halaye masu ɓarna tsakanin masu sauraro, dole ne kuyi halayyar halayen jama'a a matsayin cikakke (wanda shine matsala na wakilci). Kyakkyawan samfurin tare da tambayoyin binciken binciken rashin kyau zai haifar da mummunan kimantawa, kamar yadda mummunan samfurin ya kasance tare da cikakken tambayoyin binciken. A wasu kalmomi, ƙayyadadden ƙididdiga na buƙatar sauti mai kyau don aunawa da wakilci. Idan aka ba wannan batu, Zan sake nazarin yadda masu binciken binciken suka yi tunani game da wakilci da kuma auna a baya. Bayan haka, zan nuna yadda ra'ayoyinsu game da wakilci da auna zasu iya jagorantar binciken bincike na shekaru dijital.
