3.6.2

Tambayar da aka ambata ta amfani da tsari mai faɗi don haɗa bayanan bincike daga wasu 'yan mutane tare da babban tushen bayanai daga mutane da yawa.

Hanyar daban-daban don hada binciken da manyan bayanan bayanan bayanai shine tsarin da zan kira karawa tambaya . A cikin tambayoyin da ake kira, mai bincike yana amfani da samfurin rigakafi don haɗuwa da ƙananan bayanai na binciken tare da babban mahimmin bayanai don samar da kimantawa a sikelin ko wanda ba zai yiwu ba tare da bayanan bayanan bayanan. Wani muhimmin misali na tambayoyi mai girma ya fito ne daga aikin Joshua Blumenstock, wanda yake son tattara bayanai wanda zai taimaka wajen jagoranci ci gaba a ƙasashe masu talauci. A baya, masu bincike sun tattara irin wannan bayanan sunyi amfani da daya daga cikin hanyoyi guda biyu: samfurin samfurin ko samfurin bincike. Samfurar samfurori, inda masu bincike suka yi hira da ƙananan mutane, na iya zama mai sauƙi, dacewa, da kuma maras kyau. Duk da haka, waɗannan binciken ne, saboda suna dogara ne akan samfurin, ana iyakance su a ƙuduri. Tare da nazarin samfurin, yana da wuyar yin kimantawa game da yankunan yanki ko ga wasu kungiyoyin alƙaluma. Mahimmanci, a gefe guda, ƙoƙarin yin hira da kowa da kowa, don haka za'a iya amfani da su don samar da kimantawa ga ƙananan yankuna ko yan kungiyoyi. Amma ƙididdigar suna da tsada sosai, suna raguwa da hankali (sun haɗa da ƙananan tambayoyin), kuma ba dace ba (sun kasance a cikin lokaci mai tsawo, kamar kowace shekara 10) (Kish 1979) . Maimakon kasancewa tare da bincike ko samfurin samfurin, zakuyi tunanin idan masu bincike zasu iya hada halayen mafi kyau duka biyu. Yi tunani idan masu bincike zasu iya tambayi kowane mutum tambayoyi a kowace rana. A bayyane yake, wannan binciken ne a kowane lokaci, wani nau'i na kimiyyar zamantakewa. Amma yana nuna cewa za mu iya fara kwatanta wannan ta hanyar hada tambayoyin bincike daga ƙananan mutanen da ke da alamun dijital daga mutane da yawa.

Binciken binciken Blumenstock ya fara ne lokacin da ya haɗu da mafi girma a cikin wayar salula a Rwanda, kuma kamfanin ya ba da takardun bayanan da aka bace daga kimanin miliyan 1.5 daga abokan ciniki tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2009. Wadannan bayanan sun ƙunshi bayani game da kowane kira da saƙon rubutu, kamar farkon lokaci, tsawon lokaci , da kimanin wuri na gefen mai kira da mai karɓa. Kafin in yi magana game da al'amura na lissafi, yana da kyau a nuna cewa wannan mataki na farko na iya kasancewa cikin mafi wuya ga masu bincike da dama. Kamar yadda na bayyana a babi na 2, mafi yawan mahimman bayanai basu da damar masu bincike. Siffofin tara-ƙira, musamman ma, musamman ma ba za su iya yiwuwa ba saboda yana da wuya a yi sanarwa kuma yana da cikakken bayani wanda mahalarta za su yi la'akari (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) . A cikin wannan yanayin, masu bincike sun yi hankali don kare bayanan da kuma wani aiki na uku wanda ake gudanarwa (watau IRB). Zan sake komawa wadannan batutuwa masu jituwa cikin karin bayani cikin babi na 6.

Blumenstock yana sha'awar auna dũkiya da alheri. Amma waɗannan siffofin ba su da kai tsaye a cikin rikodin kira. A wasu kalmomi, waɗannan labarun kira ba su cika ba saboda wannan binciken-wani ɓangaren al'ada na manyan bayanan bayanan da aka tattauna dalla-dalla a babi na 2. Duk da haka, yana da alama cewa rubutun rikodi na iya samun wasu bayanai waɗanda zasu iya ba da bayanai game da dukiya da kai tsaye. zaman lafiya. Da aka ba wannan yiwuwar, Blumenstock ya tambayi ko zai yiwu ya horar da samfurin ilmantarwa na na'ura don hango ko yaya mutum zai amsa wani bincike bisa ga kundayen kira. Idan wannan zai yiwu, to, Blumenstock zai iya yin amfani da wannan samfurin don yayi la'akari da amsa binciken da aka yi na dukkanin abokan ciniki miliyan 1.5.

Don gina da kuma horar da wannan samfurin, Blumenstock da masu bincike daga Kigali Institute of Science da Technology da ake kira samfurin samfurin na kimanin dubban abokan ciniki. Masu bincike sun bayyana manufar wannan aikin ga masu halartar taron, suka nemi izinin su haɗi da binciken binciken da aka yi a cikin rikodin kira, sa'an nan kuma suka tambaye su jerin tambayoyin da za su gwada dukiya da zamantakewa, irin su "Shin kuna da rediyon? "da" Kana da keke? "(duba hoto na 3.14 don jerin labaran). Dukan masu halartar binciken sun biya kudi.

Kashegari, Blumenstock yayi amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu a cikin ilmantarwa na injiniya: aikin injiniya wanda ya biyo bayan ilmantarwa. Na farko, a cikin fasalin aikin injiniya , ga kowa da kowa wanda aka yi hira, Blumenstock ya canza rubutun kira a cikin salo na halaye game da kowane mutum; masana kimiyyar bayanai zasu iya kiran waɗannan halaye "fasali" da masana kimiyyar zamantakewa zasu kira su "masu canji." Alal misali, ga kowane mutum, Blumenstock ya ƙididdige yawan adadin kwanaki tare da aiki, adadin mutanen da suka bambanta mutum ya kasance tare da, adadin kuɗin da aka kashe a lokaci, da sauransu. Ainihin, aikin injiniya mai kyau yana bukatar sanin ilimin binciken. Alal misali, idan yana da mahimmanci don rarrabe tsakanin kiran gida da na duniya (zamu iya tsammanin mutanen da suke kira a duniya su kasance masu arziki), to dole ne ayi wannan a cikin aikin aikin injiniya. Wani mai bincike wanda ba tare da fahimtar Ruwanda ba zai hada da wannan fasalin, sannan kuma aikin da aka yi na samfurin zai sha wahala.

Next, a cikin dubawa koyo mataki, Blumenstock gina wani model to hango ko hasashen binciken martani ga kowane mutum bisa laákari da fasali. A wannan yanayin, Blumenstock ya yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar motsin rai, amma ya iya amfani da wasu matakan ilimin ilimin lissafi ko na'ura.

To, yaya ya yi aiki? Shin Blumenstock iya iya hango asali amsoshin tambayoyin tambayoyi kamar "Kana da rediyo?" Da "Kana da keke?" Ta amfani da fasali da aka samo daga rubutun kira? Domin ya gwada aikin kwaikwayon tsarinsa, Blumenstock ya yi amfani da ƙididdigar giciye , dabarar da aka saba amfani dasu a kimiyyar ilimin kimiyya amma da wuya a kimiyyar zamantakewa. Manufar haɗin giciye ita ce ta samar da kyakkyawar ƙaddamar da aikin da ake yi na samfurin ta hanyar horar da shi da kuma jarraba shi a kan wasu bayanan bayanai. Musamman ma, Blumenstock ya raba bayanansa zuwa kashi 10 na mutane 100. Bayan haka, ya yi amfani da tara daga cikin kullun don horar da samfurinsa, kuma an gwada aikin da aka tsara na horon da aka horar da shi a kan sauran kullun. Ya maimaita wannan hanya sau goma-tare da kowane ɓangaren bayanan samun bayanai guda ɗaya a matsayin bayanin haɓakawa-kuma ya sami sakamakon.

Daidaitawar tsinkayen da aka dauka ya kasance ga wasu dabi'u (adadi 3.14); Alal misali, Blumenstock zai iya hango asali tare da daidaiton 97.6% idan wani ya mallaki rediyo. Wannan yana iya zama mai ban sha'awa, amma yana da mahimmanci don kwatanta hanyar ƙaddamar hadaddun hanyar sauƙi. A wannan yanayin, wata hanya mai sauƙi shine a hango cewa kowa zai bada amsa mafi yawan. Alal misali, kashi 97.3% na masu amsa sun ruwaito cewa suna da rediyon idan Blumenstock ya yi annabci cewa kowa zai rika yin rahotanni yana da rediyo zai kasance daidai da 97.3%, abin mamaki shine kama da tsarin da ya fi rikitarwa (97.6% daidai) . A takaice dai, duk bayanan da aka tsara da kuma samfurin haɓaka ya karu da daidaitattun annabcin daga 97.3% zuwa 97.6%. Duk da haka, don wasu tambayoyi, irin su "Kana da keke?", Tsinkaya ya karu daga 54.4% zuwa 67.6%. Mafi yawanci, adadi na 3.15 ya nuna cewa ga wasu siffofin Blumenstock bai inganta abubuwa fiye da yin la'akari da la'akari ba, amma don wasu siffofin akwai wasu ci gaba. Ganin kawai a wadannan sakamakon, duk da haka, ba za ka iya tunanin cewa wannan tsari ba ne mai ban sha'awa.

Figure 3.14: Tabbataccen ƙaddara don samfurin lissafi da aka horar da rubutun kira. An sauya daga Blumenstock (2014), tebur 2.

Figure 3.14: Tabbataccen ƙaddara don samfurin lissafi da aka horar da rubutun kira. An sauya daga Blumenstock (2014) , tebur 2.

Figure 3.15: Daidaita daidaitattun al'amura don samfurin lissafi wanda aka horar da rubutun kira zuwa sanannun asali. Ƙananan kalmomi suna daɗaɗɗa don kaucewa farfadowa. An sauya daga Blumenstock (2014), tebur 2.

Figure 3.15: Daidaita daidaitattun al'amura don samfurin lissafi wanda aka horar da rubutun kira zuwa sanannun asali. Ƙananan kalmomi suna daɗaɗɗa don kaucewa farfadowa. An sauya daga Blumenstock (2014) , tebur 2.

Duk da haka, bayan shekara guda daga baya, Blumenstock da abokan aiki biyu-Gabriel Cadamuro da Robert On-wallafa wani takarda a Kimiyya tare da kyakkyawar sakamako (Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On 2015) . Akwai wasu dalilai biyu masu mahimmanci don wannan cigaba: (1) sunyi amfani da hanyoyi mafi mahimmanci (watau sabon tsarin kula da aikin injiniya da kuma samfurin da ya fi dacewa don tsinkaya sakamakon martani) da kuma (2) maimakon ƙoƙarin ba da amsa ga mutum Tambayoyin binciken (misali, "Kana da rediyo?"), sun yi ƙoƙari su ƙaddamar da lissafi mai arziki. Wadannan ingantaccen fasaha na nufin zasu iya yin aiki mai kyau don amfani da rubutun kira don hangowa ga dukiya ga mutanen da suke samfurin su.

Sanarwar dukiyar mutane a cikin samfurin, duk da haka, ba shine babban burin binciken ba. Ka tuna cewa makasudin makasudin shine hada wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun fasali na samfurin samfurin da ƙira don samar da ƙididdiga mafi kyau na talauci a kasashe masu tasowa. Don tantance yiwuwar su cimma wannan burin, Blumenstock da abokan aiki sunyi amfani da samfurin su da kuma bayanan su don hango nasu dukiyar mutane miliyan 1.5 a cikin rikodin kira. Kuma sun yi amfani da bayanan haɗin gwiwar da aka saka a cikin bayanan kira (tuna cewa bayanan sun haɗa da wurin da hasken ginin da yake kusa da kowane kira) don kimanta wurin zama na mazaunin kowane mutum (adadi 3.17). Sakamakon wadannan ƙididdiga guda biyu, Blumenstock da abokan aiki sun samar da kimantawa na rarraba gefen biyan kuɗi a dukiyar da aka yi a cikin adabin da ya dace. Alal misali, za su iya kimanta nauyin dukiya a kowanne daga cikin sel 2.148 na Ruwanda (wanda ya kasance mafi ƙanƙantar ɗakin hukumomi a kasar).

Yaya kyakkyawan waɗannan kimantawa sun dace da ainihin talauci a waɗannan yankuna? Kafin in amsa wannan tambayar, Ina so in jaddada gaskiyar cewa akwai dalilai masu yawa su zama masu shakka. Alal misali, ikon yin tsinkaya a matakin mutum yana da kyau sosai (adadi 3.17). Kuma, watakila mafi mahimmanci, mutane da wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka na iya zama daban-daban daga mutane ba tare da wayoyin salula ba. Ta haka ne, Blumenstock da abokan aiki zasu iya sha wahala daga nau'in kurakuran ɗaukar hoto waɗanda suka nuna nazarin binciken wallafe-wallafe na 1936 da na bayyana a baya.

Don samun fahimtar ingancin ƙididdigar su, Blumenstock da abokan aiki sun buƙaci gwada su da wani abu dabam. Abin farin ciki, a lokaci guda a matsayin nazarin su, wani rukuni na masu bincike suna gudanar da bincike kan al'ada a Rwanda. Wannan binciken kuma-wanda ya kasance daga cikin tsarin nazarin Demographic da Kula da Lafiya wanda aka girmama shi - yana da babban kasafin kudi kuma yana amfani da kyawawan dabi'u, hanyoyin gargajiya. Sabili da haka, za a iya kiyasta kimanin kimanin zinariya na daidaitattun kimantawa daga tsarin zamantakewa da lafiyar jiki. Lokacin da aka kwatanta da waɗannan ƙididdiga biyu, sun kasance kamar kamanni (adadi 3.17). A wasu kalmomi, ta hanyar hada ƙididdigar bayanai tare da rubutun kira, Blumenstock da abokan aiki sun iya samar da kimantawa kwatankwacin waɗanda suka dace daga hanyar zinare na zinariya.

Mai shakka zai iya ganin wadannan sakamakon sakamakon jin kunya. Bayan haka, wata hanya ta kallon su ita ce ta hanyar amfani da manyan bayanai da na'ura, Blumenstock da abokan aiki sun iya samar da kimantawa wanda za a iya ingantawa ta hanyar hanyoyin da aka rigaya. Amma banyi tsammanin wannan hanya ce mai kyau don yin la'akari da wannan binciken na dalilai biyu. Na farko, ƙididdigar daga Blumenstock da abokan aiki sun kasance kusan sau 10 da sauri kuma sau 50 a rahusa (idan ana auna farashi dangane da farashin mai haɓaka). Kamar yadda na yi jayayya a baya a cikin wannan babi, masu bincike sun watsar da farashi a cikin haɗarsu. A wannan yanayin, alal misali, ƙananan farashi yana nufin cewa, maimakon yin aiki a cikin 'yan shekarun nan - kamar yadda ya dace don samfurin Demographic da Kulawa da Lafiya-wannan irin binciken za a iya gudana kowane wata, wanda zai samar da dama ga masu bincike da manufofi masu yi. Dalilin da ya sa ba za mu dauki ra'ayin mai shakka ba shine wannan binciken yana samar da girke-girke na gari wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi zuwa yanayin bincike daban-daban. Wannan girke-girke yana da nau'i biyu kawai da matakai biyu. Abubuwa masu sinadirai ne (1) babban mahimmin bayanan bayanan da yake da fadi amma yana da ƙananan (watau, yana da mutane da yawa amma ba bayanin da kake buƙatar game da kowane mutum) da kuma (2) binciken da yake kunkuntar amma mai haske (watau, yana da kawai wasu 'yan mutane, amma yana da bayanin da kake bukata game da waɗannan mutane). Wadannan sinadaran an haɗa su a matakai biyu. Na farko, ga mutanen da ke cikin dukkanin bayanan bayanan, gina tsarin ƙirar na'ura wanda ke amfani da babban bayanan bayanan don yin la'akari da bincike. Na gaba, yi amfani da wannan samfurin don ɗaukar amsoshin tambayoyin kowa da kowa a cikin babban asusun bayanai. Saboda haka, idan akwai wata tambaya cewa kana so ka tambayi mutane da yawa, nemi babban bayanan bayanai daga mutanen da za a iya amfani dasu don hango nesa da amsar su, koda kuwa ba ka damu da babban asusun bayanai ba . Wato, Blumenstock da abokan aiki ba su kula dasu ba game da rubutun kira; sun kula kawai game da rubutun kira saboda ana iya amfani dasu don yin la'akari da binciken binciken da suka damu. Wannan halayyar-kawai kai tsaye kai tsaye a babban tushen bayanai-ya sa ya kara tambayar daban-daban daga tambayar saka, wanda na bayyana a baya.

Figure 3.16: Tsarin binciken na Blumenstock, Cadamuro, da On (2015). Kirar kira daga kamfanin waya ya canza zuwa matrix tare da jere guda daya ga kowanne mutum da shafi daya don kowane alama (watau, mai sauƙi). Na gaba, masu bincike sun gina wani tsari na koyon karatu don duba hangen nesa daga jerin matakan mutum-by-feature. Bayan haka, ana amfani da samfurin nazari na kulawa don yin la'akari da martani ga dukkanin masu sayarwa miliyan 1.5. Har ila yau, masu bincike sun kiyasta kimanin wurin zama don dukan abokan ciniki miliyan 1.5 bisa ga wuraren kiransu. Lokacin da aka haɗu da waɗannan ƙididdiga guda biyu-yawan kuɗin da aka kiyasta da wurin da aka ƙayyade-wurin, sakamakon ya kasance daidai da kimantawa daga Tarihin Halitta da Lafiya, wani binciken gargajiya na zinariya (adadi 3.17).

Figure 3.16: Tsarin binciken na Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) . Kirar kira daga kamfanin waya ya canza zuwa matrix tare da jere guda ɗaya ga kowanne mutum da shafi ɗaya don kowane fasali (watau, mai sauƙi). Na gaba, masu bincike sun gina wani tsari na koyon karatu don duba hangen nesa daga jerin matakan mutum-by-feature. Bayan haka, ana amfani da samfurin nazari na kulawa don yin la'akari da martani ga dukkanin masu sayarwa miliyan 1.5. Har ila yau, masu bincike sun kiyasta kimanin wurin zama don dukan abokan ciniki miliyan 1.5 bisa ga wuraren kiransu. Lokacin da aka haɗu da waɗannan ƙididdiga guda biyu-yawan kuɗin da aka kiyasta da wurin da aka ƙayyade-wurin, sakamakon ya kasance daidai da kimantawa daga Tarihin Halitta da Lafiya, wani binciken gargajiya na zinariya (adadi 3.17).

Figure 3.17: Sakamako daga Blumenstock, Cadamuro, da On (2015). A matakin kowane mutum, masu bincike sun iya yin aiki mai kyau a tsinkayar dukiyar mutum daga bayanan kira. Rahotanni na guraben yanki na gundumar Ruwanda na 30-wadanda suka dogara ne akan matakin mutum na dukiya da mazaunin gida - sun kasance daidai da sakamakon sakamakon binciken kwayoyin halitta da lafiyar jiki, bincike na gargajiya na zinariya. An samo daga Blumenstock, Cadamuro, da On (2015), siffofi 1a da 3c.

Figure 3.17: Sakamako daga Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) . A matakin kowane mutum, masu bincike sun iya yin aiki mai kyau a tsinkayar dukiyar mutum daga bayanan kira. Rahotanni na guraben yanki na gundumar Ruwanda na 30-wadanda suka dogara ne akan matakin mutum na dukiya da mazaunin gida - sun kasance daidai da sakamakon sakamakon binciken kwayoyin halitta da lafiyar jiki, bincike na gargajiya na zinariya. An samo daga Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , siffofi 1a da 3c.

A ƙarshe, tambayoyin da ake kira amplumenstock ya haɗu da bayanan binciken tare da babban asusun bayanai don samar da kimantawa kwatankwacin wadanda daga binciken binciken zinariya. Wannan misali na musamman ya bayyana wasu daga cikin cinikayya tsakanin tambayoyi mai girma da hanyoyin bincike na al'ada. Mahimman tambayoyin da ake bukata sun fi dacewa, mafi mahimmanci, da kuma mafi girma. Amma, a gefe guda, babu wata mahimmancin dalili na irin wannan karuwar tambayar. Wannan misali guda ba ya nuna lokacin da wannan tsarin zaiyi aiki da kuma lokacin da ba zai yiwu ba, kuma masu bincike da amfani da wannan tsari ya kamata su damu sosai game da yiwuwar abin da ya faru da wanda aka hade - kuma wanda ba a haɗa shi ba - a cikin manyan asusun bayanai. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar tambaya mai girma ba ta da hanyar da ta dace don ƙayyade rashin tabbas game da kimantawa. Abin farin ciki, karuwar tambayoyin yana da zurfin haɗaka ga manyan yankuna uku a cikin kididdiga-ƙananan yanki (Rao and Molina 2015) , ladabi (Rubin 2004) , da kuma samfurin samfurin (wanda yake da dangantaka da Mr. P., Hanyar da na bayyana a baya a cikin babi) (Little 1993) . Saboda wadannan zurfin halayen, ina tsammanin za a inganta mahimman hanyoyin da ake kira tambayoyin da yawa.

A ƙarshe, kwatanta ƙoƙari na farko da na biyu na Blumenstock kuma ya nuna darasi game da bincike na zamantakewa na zamani: farkon ba ƙarshen ba. Wato, sau da yawa, hanyar farko ba zata zama mafi kyau ba, amma idan masu bincike sun ci gaba da aiki, abubuwa zasu iya samun mafi alhẽri. Yawanci gaba daya, lokacin da za a gwada sababbin hanyoyin zuwa bincike na zamantakewa a cikin shekarun zamani, yana da muhimmanci muyi nazari daban-daban: (1) Yaya wannan aikin yake da kyau yanzu? da kuma (2) Yaya wannan aikin zai iya zama a nan gaba kamar yadda yanayin wuri ya sauya kuma yayin da masu bincike suka ba da hankali ga matsalar? Kodayake ana horar da masu bincike don yin nau'i na farko, na biyu shine mafi mahimmanci.