Abinda za a karanta a gaba

• Gabatarwa (sashi na 3.1)

Da yawa daga cikin jigogi a wannan babi an sake tunatar da su a cikin 'yan takarar shugaban kasa a Ƙungiyar {ungiyar Nazarin Harkokin Jakadancin {asashen Amirka (AAPOR), kamar su Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , da kuma Link (2015) .

Don ƙarin bayani game da bambance-bambance tsakanin binciken binciken da zurfafa tambayoyi, duba Small (2009) . Dangane da tattaunawa mai zurfi shine iyali na hanyoyin da ake kira ethnography. A binciken bincike na al'adu, masu bincike suna ciyar da lokaci da yawa tare da mahalarta a yanayin su. Don ƙarin bayani game da bambance-bambance tsakanin ethnography da tambayoyi masu zurfi, duba Jerolmack and Khan (2014) . Don ƙarin bayani game da ladabi na digital, duba Pink et al. (2015) .

Binciken na tarihin bincike na bincike ya riga ya takaitacce don hada da abubuwan da suka faru masu ban sha'awa da suka faru. Don ƙarin tarihin tarihi, duba Smith (1976) , Converse (1987) , da Igo (2008) . Don ƙarin bayani a kan ra'ayin da aka gudanar na bincike uku, duba Groves (2011) da Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (wanda ya ragargaje sau uku ya bambanta).

Groves and Kahn (1979) suna ba da kariya a cikin juyin juya hali daga farkon zuwa na biyu a binciken binciken binciken ta hanyar yin la'akari da kai tsakanin kai tsaye da fuska. ( ??? ) duba baya a tarihin cigaba na ci gaba da samfurin samfuri.

Don ƙarin yadda binciken binciken ya sauya a baya don amsa canje-canje a cikin al'umma, duba Tourangeau (2004) , ( ??? ) , da Couper (2011) .

• Tambaya game da dubawa (sashi na 3.2)

Abubuwan da suka shafi karfi da rashin ƙarfi na yin tambaya da kulawa sunyi muhawarar su (kamar su Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) ) da kuma masana kimiyya (misali, Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ; Maynard (2014) Cerulo (2014) ; Vaisey (2014) Cerulo (2014) Vaisey (2014) ; Jerolmack and Khan (2014) bambancin tambaya da kallo ya fito a cikin tattalin arziki, inda masu bincike sukayi magana game da bayanin da aka saukar da zaɓin su. Alal misali, mai bincike zai iya tambayar masu amsa ko sun fi son ci ice cream ko zuwa dakin motsa jiki. (da aka zaba), ko kuma iya tsinkaya sau da yawa mutane sukan ci ice cream kuma suna zuwa dakin motsa jiki (wahayi da aka nuna). Akwai shakka mai zurfi game da wasu nau'o'in bayanan bayanan da suka dace a cikin tattalin arziki kamar yadda aka bayyana a Hausman (2012) .

Babban mahimmanci daga waɗannan muhawara shi ne, rahoton da aka bayar ba koyaushe ba ne. Amma, kamar yadda aka bayyana a babi na 2, manyan masanan bayanai bazai zama daidai ba, ƙila ba za a tattara su akan samfurin sha'awa ba, kuma bazai iya samun damar masu bincike ba. Saboda haka, ina tsammanin cewa, a wasu yanayi, halayen hali na iya zama da amfani. Bugu da ari, abu na biyu daga waɗannan muhawara shi ne cewa rahotanni game da motsin zuciyarmu, sani, tsammanin, da ra'ayoyin ba koyaushe ba ne. Amma, idan ana buƙatar bayani game da waɗannan jihohin ciki ta hanyar masu bincike-ko dai don taimakawa wajen bayyana wani hali ko kuma abin da za'a bayyana - to, tambaya zai iya dace. Tabbas, ilmantarwa game da jihohi na gida ta hanyar yin tambayoyi zai iya zama matsala saboda wani lokaci ma wadanda masu amsawa ba su san jihohin su (Nisbett and Wilson 1977) .

• Kuskuren bincike (sashe na 3.3)

Babi na 1 na Groves (2004) yayi kyakkyawan aiki don sulhuntawa da wasu kalmomin da masu bincike suka yi amfani da su a lokaci-lokaci don bayyana cikakken tsarin binciken binciken. Domin taƙaitaccen taƙaitacciyar littafi na cikakkiyar tsarin bincike, duba Groves et al. (2009) , da kuma bayanan tarihi, ga Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

Halin ƙaddamar da kurakurai zuwa ɓarna da bambancin ra'ayi ya zo a cikin ilmantarwa na injiniya; duba, alal misali, sashe na 7.3 na Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) . Wannan yakan haifar da masu bincike don yin magana game da cinikayyar "cin mutunci".

Dangane da wakilci, babban gabatarwa game da batutuwan rashin amsawa da rashin amsawa ita ce rahoton Ƙungiyar Nazarin Labaran Duniya wanda ba a amsa ba game da binciken kimiyya na jama'a: A Binciken Nazarin (2013) . Wani bayani mai amfani da aka bayar daga Groves (2006) . Har ila yau, dukan batutuwa na musamman na jaridar Statistics Statistics , Bayani na Kasuwancin Jama'a , da kuma Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science sun buga a kan batun ba amsa ba. A ƙarshe, akwai hanyoyi da dama da dama don ƙididdige ƙimar amsawa; wadannan hanyoyi an kwatanta dalla-dalla a cikin wani rahoto daga kungiyar masu bincike kan jama'a (AAPOR) ( ??? ) American Association of Public Opinion Researchers (AAPOR) ( ??? ) .

Don ƙarin a kan 1936 Literary Digest zabe, ganin Bryson (1976) , Squire (1988) , Cahalan (1989) , da kuma Lusinchi (2012) . Don ƙarin tattaunawar wannan zabe a matsayin misali na gargaɗin game da tarin bayanai, duba Gayo-Avello (2011) . A 1936, George Gallup ya yi amfani da samfurin samfurin da ya fi dacewa kuma ya iya samar da cikakkun kimantawa tare da samfurin ƙarami. Gallup nasara a kan Literary Digest wani muhimmin abu ne a ci gaba da nazarin binciken kamar yadda aka bayyana a babi na 3 na @ converse_survey_1987; babi na 4 na Ohmer (2006) ; da babi na 3 na @ igo_averaged_2008.

A cikin ma'auni, babbar hanyar da za a tsara don tsara tambayoyin shine Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Don ƙarin maganin ci gaba, duba Schuman and Presser (1996) , wanda aka mayar da hankali sosai game da tambayoyi, da kuma Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , wanda ya fi kowa. Ana amfani da tsarin kulawa daban-daban don aunawa a cikin kwakwalwa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ( ??? ) . Karin bayani a game da sigar suna samuwa a cikin Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , da babi na 8 na Groves et al. (2009) . Don ƙarin bayani a kan binciken, duba Mutz (2011) .

Bisa ga farashin, kyan gani, tsinkaye na tsawon cinikayya tsakanin binciken binciken da kurakuran binciken shi ne Groves (2004) .

• Wane ne zai tambayi (sashi na 3.4)

Biyu classic littafin-tsawon jiyya na misali yiwuwa samfur da kimantawa ne Lohr (2009) (karin gabatarwa) da Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (mafi ci gaba). Wani littafi mai tsinkaye na yau da kullum da aka tsara shi ne Särndal and Lundström (2005) . A wasu shirye-shirye na dijital, masu bincike sun san wani abu game da wadanda basu dace ba, wanda bai kasance gaskiya ba a baya. Bambanci daban-daban na rashin daidaituwa ba zai yiwu ba lokacin da masu bincike suna da bayanai game da wadanda basu dace, kamar yadda Kalton and Flores-Cervantes (2003) da Smith (2011) .

Nazarin Xbox da W. Wang et al. (2015) yana amfani da fasaha da ake kira rikice-rikice da nauyin juyawa ("Mista P.") wanda ya ba masu bincike damar kiyasta ƙungiya yana nufin koda kuwa akwai yawancin kungiyoyi. Ko da yake akwai wasu muhawara game da ingancin kimantawa daga wannan ƙirar, yana kamar alamar da ke da alamar ganowa. An fara amfani da dabara a Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , kuma an yi amfani da su da kuma yin muhawarar da aka yi a baya (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Don ƙarin bayani game da haɗin tsakanin mutum da ma'aunin nauyi, duba Gelman (2007) .

Don wasu hanyoyin da za a auna nauyi na yanar gizo, duba Schonlau et al. (2009) , Bethlehem (2010) , da kuma Valliant and Dever (2011) . Ƙungiyoyin kan layi na iya amfani da samfurin samfuri ko yiwuwar samfurin. Don ƙarin a kan layi na kan layi, duba Callegaro et al. (2014) .

Wasu lokuta, masu bincike sun gano cewa samfurori masu yiwuwa da marasa yiwuwar samfurori suna samar da kimanin kimanin irin wannan (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , amma wasu kwatancen sun gano cewa samfurori marasa yiwuwa sun fi muni (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Ɗaya daga cikin dalili mai yiwuwa waɗannan bambance-bambance shine cewa samfurori marasa yiwuwa sun inganta a tsawon lokaci. Don ƙarin ra'ayi na rashin tunani game da samfurori na samfurin samfurin ganin Ƙungiyar Ayyukan AAPOR akan Samfurin Samfuri (Baker et al. 2013) , kuma ina bayar da shawarar yin karanta sharhin da ya biyo bayan rahoton.

• Yadda zaka tambayi (sashe na 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) wani littafi ne mai mahimmanci wanda yake mai suna Dubi Nazarin Tambayoyi na Kan gaba , kuma yana bada ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyi game da makomar yin tambayoyi. Couper (2011) yayi magana da jigogi iri daya, da kuma Schober et al. (2015) ba da kyakkyawan misali game da yadda hanyoyin tattara bayanai da aka tsara su zuwa sabon saiti na iya haifar da bayanan mafi girma. Schober and Conrad (2015) bayar da wata hujja ta gaba game da ci gaba da daidaita tsarin binciken bincike don daidaita canje-canje a cikin al'umma.

Tourangeau and Yan (2007) la'akari da al'amurran da suka shafi batun zamantakewar al'umma a cikin tambayoyin da suka dace, da Lind et al. (2013) ba da wasu dalilai na dalili wanda zai sa mutane su bayyana bayanan da suka fi dacewa a cikin hira da aka gudanar da kwamfuta. Don ƙarin bayani game da muhimmancin masu yin tambayoyi na mutum a cikin yawan binciken da aka yi a cikin binciken, duba Maynard and Schaeffer (1997) , Maynard, Freese, and Schaeffer (2010) , Conrad et al. (2013) , da Schaeffer et al. (2013) . Don ƙarin bayani game da binciken da aka haɗu da juna, duba Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) bayar da nazarin littafi mai tsawo na nazarin muhalli da kuma hanyoyin da suka dace.

Don ƙarin shawarwari game da yin safiyo wani dandana mai dadi da kwarewa ga mahalarta, duba aikin a kan hanyar da aka tsara (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) . Don wani misali mai ban sha'awa na yin amfani da saitunan Facebook don nazarin kimiyyar zamantakewa, duba Bail (2015) .

• Sakamakon binciken da aka hade da manyan bayanai (sashe na 3.6)

Judson (2007) bayyana yadda ake hada da bincike da bayanan gudanarwa a matsayin "haɗakar bayanai" da kuma tattauna wasu kwarewa na wannan hanya, da kuma bayar da wasu misalai.

Game da neman wadatar da ake bukata, akwai ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya don tabbatar da jefa kuri'a. Don ƙarin bayani akan wannan wallafe-wallafe, duba Belli et al. (1999) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) , da Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) . Dubi Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) don ganin ra'ayi mafi kyau game da sakamakon da aka gabatar a Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) .

Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa ko da yake Ansolabehere da Hersh sun karfafa su ta hanyar ingancin bayanai daga Catalist, wasu kwarewar masu sayar dasu ba su da karfin zuciya. Pasek et al. (2014) sami darajar mara kyau lokacin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga wani binciken tare da fayil mai amfani daga Kamfanin Gudanarwa (wanda ya haɗa kansa tare da bayanai daga masu samarwa guda uku: Acxiom, Experien, da InfoUSA). Wato, fayilolin data bai dace da amsa binciken da masu bincike suka yi tsammanin su zama daidai ba, asusun mai siya bai rasa bayanai don yawan tambayoyin ba, kuma matakan da aka ɓace sun haɗa daidai da darajar binciken da aka ruwaito (a wasu kalmomin, wanda ya ɓace bayanai sun kasance na yau da kullum, ba a bazu ba).

Don ƙarin bayani akan rikodin rikici tsakanin binciken da bayanan kulawa, duba Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) da Schnell (2013) . Don ƙarin bayani akan rikodin haɗuwa gaba ɗaya, ga Dunn (1946) da Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (tarihi) da Larsen and Winkler (2014) (zamani). Haka kuma an samo irin wannan matsala a cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta a karkashin sunaye kamar haɓaka bayanai, alamar misali, daidaitattun sunan, ƙwaƙwalwar haɓaka, da kuma rikodin rikodin rikodin (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Har ila yau, akwai hanyoyin tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare don yin rikodin haɗin da ba su buƙatar watsa bayanai na mutum (Schnell 2013) . Masu bincike a Facebook sun samar da hanyar da za su iya danganta rubutun su don yin rikici (Jones et al. 2013) ; An yi wannan haɗin don a gwada gwajin da zan gaya muku a cikin sura na 4 (Bond et al. 2012) . Don ƙarin bayani game da samun izini don rikodin rikodi, duba Sakshaug et al. (2012) .

Wani misali na haɗa haɗin kan jama'a mai zurfi ga ayyukan gwamnati ya fito ne daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Rikicin da Hukumar Tsaron Tsaro. Don ƙarin bayani game da binciken, ciki har da bayani game da tsarin izini, duba Olson (1996, 1999) .

Hanyar hada magunguna da yawa daga cikin rubutattun bayanan da aka gudanar a cikin babban bayanan sirri-tsarin da Catalist yake amfani da su-yana da yawa a cikin ofisoshin lissafin wasu gwamnatoci na kasa. Masu bincike biyu daga Statistics Sweden sun rubuta cikakken littafi kan batun (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Ga misali na wannan hanya a cikin wani yanki a Amurka (Olmstead County, Minnesota, gidan Mayo Clinic), ga Sauver et al. (2011) . Don ƙarin bayani game da kurakurai wanda zai iya bayyana a cikin bayanan kulawa, duba Groen (2012) .

Wata hanyar da masu bincike zasu iya amfani da manyan bayanai a cikin binciken bincike shine a matsayin samfurin samfurin ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa. Abin takaici, wannan tsari zai iya tayar da tambayoyi game da tsare sirri (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

Game da karuwar tambayar, wannan tsarin ba sabon abu ba ne kamar yadda ya bayyana daga yadda na bayyana shi. Yana da zurfin haɗuwa ga manyan manyan yankuna a cikin kididdiga: ƙaddamar da samfurin (Little 1993) , ƙididdiga (Rubin 2004) , da ƙananan yanki (Rao and Molina 2015) . Har ila yau, ana danganta da yin amfani da samfurori masu yawa a bincike na likita (Pepe 1992) .

Farashin kuɗi da lokaci a Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) nuna ƙarin farashi mai sauƙi-kudin da za a sake dubawa-kuma ba su haɗa da farashin kayyade kamar kudin tsaftacewa da sarrafa bayanai na kira ba. Gaba ɗaya, tambayoyin da aka ƙera za su iya samun farashin kayyade masu tsada da ƙananan farashin da suka dace kamar waɗanda ke cikin gwaje-gwaje na dijital (duba babi na 4). Don ƙarin bayani game da saitunan wayar salula a ƙasashe masu tasowa, duba Dabalen et al. (2016) .

Don ra'ayoyi game da yadda za a yi karin bayani da kyau, zan bada shawara don ƙarin koyo game da ƙididdigar yawa (Rubin 2004) . Har ila yau, idan masu bincike sun kara yin la'akari game da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, maimakon siffofin mutum-mutumin, to, hanyoyi a King and Lu (2008) da Hopkins and King (2010) iya zama masu amfani. A ƙarshe, don ƙarin bayani game da hanyoyi na ilmantarwa a cikin Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , ga James et al. (2013) (karin gabatarwa) ko Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (mafi girma).

Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin tambayoyi mai girma shine cewa ana iya amfani dashi don ƙwarewar dabi'u masu hankali wanda mutane ba za su zabi su bayyana a cikin wani binciken kamar yadda aka bayyana a Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) .