3.1 Gabatarwa

Masu binciken da suke nazarin dolphins ba zasu iya tambayar su tambayoyi ba saboda haka an tilasta musu su koyi game da tsuntsaye ta hanyar lura da halin su. Masu bincike waɗanda ke nazarin mutane, a gefe guda, suna da sauki: masu amsawa zasu iya magana. Yin magana da mutane wani muhimmin bangare ne na binciken zamantakewa a baya, kuma ina tsammanin zai kasance a nan gaba.

A cikin bincike na zamantakewa, yin magana da mutane yawanci suna da nau'i biyu: bincike da zurfafa tambayoyi. Da yake magana mai zurfi, binciken da ake amfani da su ta hanyar yin amfani da safiyo ya haɗa da daukar nauyin yawan masu halartar, tambayoyin da aka tsara sosai, da kuma yin amfani da hanyoyi masu lissafi don nuna bambanci daga masu halartar taron zuwa yawan jama'a. Bincike ta yin amfani da tambayoyi mai zurfi, a gefe guda, yana ƙunshe da ƙananan mahalarta, tattaunawa mai zurfi, da kuma sakamako a matsayin mai kyau, kwatankwacin mahalarta. Sakamakon bincike da zurfafa tambayoyin su ne masu tasiri mai kyau, amma binciken yafi tasiri sosai daga sauyawa daga analog zuwa zamani na dijital. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan babi, zan mayar da hankali kan binciken bincike.

Kamar yadda zan nuna a cikin wannan babi, zamanin na zamani yana samar da damar da dama ga masu bincike don tattara bayanai fiye da sauri, da tambayoyi daban-daban, da kuma girman girman bayanai na binciken tare da manyan bayanai. Manufar cewa binciken bincike zai iya canzawa ta hanyar juyin fasaha ba sabon ba ne, duk da haka. Around 1970, irin wannan canji yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa daban-daban: wayar. Abin farin ciki, fahimtar yadda tarho ya sake nazarin binciken zai iya taimaka mana muyi tunani yadda tsarin zamani zai canza nazarin binciken.

Nazarin binciken, kamar yadda muka sani a yau, ya fara ne a cikin 1930s. A lokacin farko na bincike na bincike, masu bincike zasu ba da samfurin wurare masu fadi (irin su garuruwan birni) sa'an nan kuma tafiya zuwa wadannan yankunan domin samun tattaunawa da fuska tare da mutanen da ba su samo asali ba. Bayan haka, ci gaba da fasaha-yada labaran wayar hannu a ƙasashe masu arziki - a ƙarshe ya jagoranci zaman na biyu na binciken bincike. Wannan zamanin na biyu ya sãɓã wa jũna a game da yadda aka samo mutane da kuma yadda tattaunawar ta faru. A zamanin na biyu, maimakon samfuran gidaje a yankunan yanki, masu bincike basu samo lambobin waya ba a hanyar da aka kira lambar bugun kira . Kuma maimakon tafiya don magana da mutane fuska da fuska, masu bincike sun kira su a kan tarho. Wadannan zasu yi kama da ƙananan canje-canje, amma sun gudanar da binciken binciken sauri, mai rahusa, kuma mafi sauƙi. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar ƙarfafawa, waɗannan canje-canje sun kasance masu rikicewa saboda yawancin masu bincike sun damu da cewa wadannan samfurori da yin tambayoyi zasu iya gabatarwa da dama. Amma a ƙarshe, bayan yunkurin aikin, masu bincike sun gano yadda za a tara bayanai da amfani ta hanyar yin amfani da takaddun digiri da kuma tarho na tarho. Ta haka ne, ta hanyar gano irin yadda za a samu nasarar samar da kayayyakin fasahar zamani, masu bincike sun iya fahimta yadda suka gudanar da binciken.

Yanzu, wani ci gaban fasahar-zamani na zamani - zai kawo mana zuwa na uku na binciken bincike. Wannan matsakaici yana kamuwa da sashi ta hanyar lalatawar hanyoyi na biyu (BD Meyer, Mok, and Sullivan 2015) . Alal misali, saboda dalilai na fasaha da zamantakewar dalilai, ƙananan rashin amsawa-wato, yawancin sampled mutanen da ba su shiga binciken-sun karu da shekaru (National Research Council 2013) . Wadannan lokuttan da suka wuce yana nufin cewa karuwar amsa ba zai iya wuce kashi 90 cikin 100 a cikin bincike na tarho na yau da kullum (Kohut et al. 2012) .

A gefe guda kuma, sauƙin juyawa zuwa wani zamani na uku kuma yana cikin ɓangare ta hanyar sabon sabon damar, wasu daga abin da zan bayyana a cikin wannan babi. Kodayake abubuwa ba su riga sun zauna ba, Ina tsammanin za a iya gano lokacin na uku na nazarin bincike ba tare da samfurin samfurin ba, samfurori da aka gudanar da kwamfuta, da kuma haɗin binciken da aka yi a manyan asusun bayanai (tebur 3.1).

Tsarin da ke tsakanin sashe na biyu da na uku na binciken bincike bai kasance cikakke ba, kuma akwai matukar muhawara game da yadda masu bincike zasu ci gaba. Duba baya kan sauyawa tsakanin na farko da na biyu, Ina tsammanin akwai basira guda ɗaya a gare mu yanzu: farkon ba ƙarshen ba . Wannan shi ne, da farko yawancin lokuta masu amfani da wayoyin tarho na zamani sun kasance masu adadi kuma basu aiki sosai. Amma, ta hanyar aiki mai wuyar gaske, masu bincike sun warware wadannan matsalolin. Alal misali, masu bincike sun yi ta bugu da kari don shekaru da yawa kafin Warren Mitofsky da Yusufu Waksberg suka samar da tsarin samfurin samfurin da ba su da digiri wanda ke da kyawawan abubuwa masu amfani (Waksberg 1978; ??? ) . Sabili da haka, kada mu dame halin da ake ciki na zamani na uku tare da sakamakon su na ƙarshe.

Tarihin binciken binciken ya nuna cewa filin yana farfadowa, da sauye-sauye a fasaha da al'umma. Babu wata hanya ta dakatar da wannan juyin halitta. Maimakon haka, ya kamata mu rungume shi, yayin da muke ci gaba da zana hikima daga baya, kuma wannan shi ne tsarin da zan yi a wannan babi. Na farko, zan yi jayayya cewa manyan asusun bayanai ba za su maye gurbin sabbin bincike ba kuma yawancin manyan bayanan bayanan sun ƙaru-ba ragewa-darajar safiyo (sashi na 3.2) ba. Idan aka ba wannan dalili, zan taƙaita cikakken tsarin binciken binciken (sashi na 3.3) wanda aka ci gaba a yayin da aka gudanar da bincike na farko. Wannan tsari yana ba mu damar fahimtar sababbin hanyoyin da za mu wakilci-musamman, samfurori marasa yiwuwa (sashe na 3.4) - da kuma sababbin hanyoyin da za a auna-musamman, sababbin hanyoyi na yin tambayoyi ga masu amsa (sashi na 3.5). A ƙarshe, zan bayyana shafukan bincike guda biyu don haɗa binciken binciken bayanai ga manyan bayanai (sashi na 3.6).